Vertical distribution of wild Yakushima macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) in the western area of Yakushima Island, Japan: Preliminary report

Yoshihiro, Shinichi; Ohtake, Masaru; Matsubara, Hideaki; Zamma, Koichiro; Hanya, Goro; Tanimura, Yasuaki; Kubota, Hiroyuki; Kubo, Ritsuko; Arakane, Tatsuhiro; Hirata, Toru; Furukawa, Mari; Sato, Aki; Takahata, Yukio

doi:10.1007/bf02557562

Cited by 34 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…5), although the 280 specimens were collected evenly in an attempt to fit the distribution of monkeys according to the group density reported by Yoshihiro et al (1998Yoshihiro et al ( , 1999. Y1 was distributed widely, as expected from the estimated frequency, whereas the other five haplotypes were observed only in restricted areas in the lowland forests.…”

Section: Geographically Biased Distributionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Low genetic diversity and biased distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island

Hayaishi

Kawamoto

2006

Primates

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The Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island are an endemic subspecies and are closely related to the population of Kyushu, one of the main islands of Japan. Using feces collected throughout Yakushima Island, we examined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to investigate the phylogeography of Japanese macaques. Six haplotypes were observed for a 203-bp fragment of the mtDNA control region. The nucleotide diversity (pi) was low (0.0021). The genetic divergence within the Yakushima population was lower (0.009) than that among four haplotypes of the Kyushu population (0.015), calculated using Kimura's two-parameter method. The mismatch distribution analysis of the six haplotypes of the Yakushima population suggested that the Yakushima population had experienced a sudden expansion in population size, which could be related to the bottleneck effect. The geographic distribution of the mtDNA haplotypes was not uniform. One haplotype was distributed widely, whereas the other five haplotypes were distributed only in the lowlands. The low genetic diversity and biased distribution are discussed in relation to an environmental crash caused by ancient volcanic activity near this island, which is postulated to have happened about 7,300 years ago, and the delayed recovery of highland vegetation.

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Section: Geographically Biased Distributionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The Yakushima macaque is distributed widely on the island, from subtropical broadleaf forest through cool temperate coniferous forest to subalpine grassland (Yoshihiro et al 1999). The population density ranges from 1.3 to 2.4 km À2 in response to the production of fruit in each altitudinal zone (Hanya et al 2004).…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low genetic diversity and biased distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island

Hayaishi

Kawamoto

2006

Primates

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“…Of those that do speculate on environmental drivers of density, the majority only make qualitative comparisons among vegetation types or study sites (Freese et al 1982;Weisenseel et al 1993;White 1994;Yoshihiro et al 1999;Mathews and Matthews 2002;McConkey and Chivers 2004). Other studies examined vegetational correlates of primate abundance, such as tree density, basal area, shrub cover, and tree species diversity (Butynski 1990;Chapman and Chapman 1999;Balcomb et al 2000;Wieczkowski 2004;Worman and Chapman 2006;Hamard et al 2010).…”

Section: Previous Studies On Primate Abundancementioning

confidence: 99%

Linking feeding ecology and population abundance: a review of food resource limitation on primates

Hanya

Chapman

2012

Ecological Research

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We review studies that consider how food affects primate population abundance. In order to explain spatial variation in primate abundance, various correlates that parameterize quality and quantity of food in the habitat have been examined. We propose two hypotheses concerning how resource availability and its seasonality determine animal abundance. When the quality of fallback foods (foods eaten during the scarcity of preferred foods) is too low to satisfy nutritional requirement, total annual food quantity should determine population size, but this relationship can be modified by the quality or the quantity of fallback foods. This mechanism has been established for Japanese macaques and sportive lemurs that survive lean seasons by fat storage or extremely low metabolism. Second, when fallback food quality is high enough to satisfy nutritional requirement but quantity is limited, quantity of fallback food should be a limiting factor of animal abundance. This is supported by the correlation between fig density, which is a high-quality fallback food, and gibbon and orangutan abundance. For a direct test of these hypotheses, we need more research that determines both the quality of food that animals require to satisfy their nutritional requirement and the quantity of food production. Leaves are often regarded as superabundant, but this assumption needs careful examination.

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“…We expected larger troops to live in larger ranges at the high elevations at Yakushima, like Japanese macaques at Kinkazan, but found small groups and relatively high troop density (Hanya et al 2003;Yoshihiro et al 1999). In 1994, Yoshihiro et al (1999 implemented a new method for population censuses at higher elevations, dividing each research area into 500×500 m grid squares, with an observer positioned in each grid square at a fixed point. Three to 6 fixed observers formed a party together with a leader who tracked the macaques.…”

Section: Recent Scope Of Field Studies At Yakushimamentioning

confidence: 99%

History and Present Scope of Field Studies on Macaca fuscata yakui at Yakushima Island, Japan

Yamagiwa

2008

Int J Primatol

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Field studies on Japanese macaques on Yakushima Island started in the mid-1970s, >25 yr after the emergence of Japanese primatology, in response to criticism of methods using provisioning and the desire to find the socioecological factors influencing the social life of macaques in natural habitats. We habituated macaques without provisioning mainly in the coastal warm-temperate forest and found that they lived in small troops with a high socionomic sex ratio. Observations of several troop fissions and troop takeovers by nontroop males suggest that Yakushima macaques have a different social organization from that of Japanese macaques in other habitats. For example, youngest ascendancy as the dominance relationhip among sisters, which usually occurs in provisioned troops, was absent in Yakushima macaques. We compared their ecological and social features with those of Japanese macaques at Kinkazan (cool-temperate forests) and found that abundance of high-quality foods may cause stronger intra-and intertroop competition at Yakushima. Female Yakushima macaques may more positively solicit nontroop males to associate with them during the mating season. Such a tendency may promote frequent male movement between troops and frequent troop fissions. Though ecological factors form social features of Japanese macaques, some features such as male association and movements between troops are not accounted for via socioecology. Recent field studies have focused on macaques living at higher altitudes in Yakushima and on individual survival strategies by taking diverse viewpoints and using new technologies. DNA analysis of fecal samples shows low genetic diversity and suggests the macaques' recent expansion from lowland to highland forests in Yakushima. The population censuses conducted annually indicate that the higher-altitude macaques have a larger home range but a similar group size versus their counterparts at low elevations. The unsolved issues in socioecology will pose a challenge to the younger generation of primatologists. Conservation of macaques and their habitat is one of our major activities at Yakushima. The level of Int J Primatol (Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1993. However, large-scale logging in the 1960s and 1970s caused the loss of macaque habitats and led to increased crop damage by them in the 1980s. We have proposed effective methods to protect cultivated fields from macaques as well as several plans for sustainable use of forests, such as ecotourism and a fieldwork course for university students. Local residents and researchers have created several nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to promote conservation and nature study at Yakushima. The role of local NGOs is particularly important to mitigate conflicts between people and wildlife. Though hundreds of macaques are still captured as pests annually in Yakushima, we continue the conservation measures and spread awareness of conservation in cooperation with the local NGOs.

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Vertical distribution of wild Yakushima macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) in the western area of Yakushima Island, Japan: Preliminary report

Cited by 34 publications

References 4 publications

Low genetic diversity and biased distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island

Low genetic diversity and biased distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island

Linking feeding ecology and population abundance: a review of food resource limitation on primates

History and Present Scope of Field Studies on Macaca fuscata yakui at Yakushima Island, Japan

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