Vertical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 - HIV-1 -transmission - a review

Bongertz, Vera

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762001000100001

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…For instance, factors protecting against in utero infection may be less efficient against delivery or breast-feeding transmission. A general and global strategy concerning all known factors must be used to prevent vertical transmission (Bongertz, 2001). A greater understanding of the role played by various risk factors for HIV-1 infection is crucial to designing new preventive and therapeutic strategies.…”

Section: Routes Of Vertical Hiv Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Certain conditions of delivery such as premature birth, low birth weight, early placental rupture or placental membrane inflammation seem to be related to increased risk of vertical transmission (Bongertz, 2001). Cesarean delivery is associated with a significant decrease in perinatal HIV transmission, from 55% to 80% (Welles et al, 2000).…”

Section: Routes Of Vertical Hiv Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Induction of suppressor and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are considered fundamental for a protective immune response against HIV (see Section 6) and have also been implicated in protection against vertical transmission (Bongertz, 2001). …”

Section: Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (Ctls) and Vertical Hiv Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, there are other Nabs that can be generated rapidly in primary HIV infection (Richman et al, 2003). NAbs are thought to protect against vertical transmission, since they can pass through the placental barrier, they have been detected in mother's milk, and they are believed to be present during delivery (Bongertz, 2001). In general the presence of high amounts of NAbs is correlated with chronic, non-progressive disease (Pillay and Phillips, 2005).…”

Section: Neutralizing Antibodies (Nabs) and Vertical Hiv Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover it appears that the timing and mechanism of NAb activity during vertical transmission is important. A strong local NAb response is probably effective at controlling HIV multiplicity during pregnancy, but ineffective at blocking transmission of HIV-1-infected cells (Bongertz, 2001). …”

Section: Neutralizing Antibodies (Nabs) and Vertical Hiv Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Genetic Factors that Influence HIV Infection: The Role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex System

Pérez-Núñez¹,

Martı́nez-Quiles²

2011

HIV-Host Interactions

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Section: Routes Of Vertical Hiv Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Routes Of Vertical Hiv Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (Ctls) and Vertical Hiv Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Neutralizing Antibodies (Nabs) and Vertical Hiv Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Neutralizing Antibodies (Nabs) and Vertical Hiv Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Genetic Factors that Influence HIV Infection: The Role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex System

Pérez-Núñez¹,

Martı́nez-Quiles²

2011

HIV-Host Interactions

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Vertical transmission of HIV in Ghanaian women diagnosed in cord blood and post‐natal samples

Fischetti

Danso

Dompreh

et al. 2005

Journal of Medical Virology

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HIV RNA detection in the newborn is the main diagnostic tool for vertical transmission. Most infections are thought to occur peri- or post-natally, hence preventive antiviral therapy administered days before and during delivery. This study used cord blood for molecular diagnosis, examined viral load and HIV-1 subtypes as determinants of transmission, and compared molecular variability of maternal, cord blood, and post-natal quasispecies. Ninety-seven seropositive mother-cord blood paired plasmas from Ghana were tested for HIV RNA. Viral load was quantified and a subgroup of 45 random women samples was typed and subtyped. HIV-1 from infected pairs was cloned, sequenced, and analyzed phylogenetically. The prevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women was 3.3%. 13/97 cord blood samples (13.5%) contained HIV RNA. No correlation between either viral load at labor (range 10(3)-10(7)) or HIV-1 subtype and in utero transmission was found. In both transmitting and non-transmitting mothers, 56% of HIV-1 strains were CRF02_AG. In three pairs, maternal and cord blood quasispecies were closely related, suggesting late pregnancy or perinatal transmission, while in four pairs, genetic distances suggested transmission earlier during gestation. Maternal viral load and genotype did not correlate with HIV-1 pre-natal transmission. HIV infection during gestation appears relatively frequent.

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Interaction effects of temperature and food on the development of forensically important fly, Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera: Phoridae)

et al. 2012

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In forensic entomology, breeding of fly larvae in a controlled laboratory environment using animal tissue is a common technique to obtain insect developmental time for the estimation of postmortem interval. Previous studies on growth media are mostly on the effect of different diets on fly development. However, the interaction effects between temperature and food type used have not been explored. The objective of this study was to compare the use of cow's liver agar and raw liver on the development of a forensically important fly, Megaselia scalaris (Loew). This study also determined the interaction between different temperatures and different food types on the growth of this species. A total of 100 M. scalaris eggs were transferred into each of the two media mentioned above. Liver agar was prepared by adding dried ground liver into nutrient agar, whilst raw liver was naturally prepared from the same animal source. This experiment was conducted at 27, 30 and 33 °C in an incubator in a continuously dark condition. Length and weight of larvae, puparia and adult samples were determined. Total developmental times for larvae feeding on liver agar at each temperature were approximately 7-15 h slower than those feeding on raw liver. Survival rates were almost equal in both diets but were lower at 33 °C. Mean larva length in both diets did not differ significantly at all temperatures, but larvae feeding on liver agar had lower mean weight values than those in raw liver at 30 and 33 °C. The effect of temperature was significant in female puparia weight and male adult weight whereas the effect of diet types was significant in both male and female puparia size and weight. Interaction effects of temperature and food type on M. scalaris puparium size and adult weight were significant, indicating that puparium size and adult weight depended on both food type and temperature. This experiment highlighted the use of cow's liver agar as an alternative diet to breed M. scalaris in the laboratory and the importance of considering the interaction effect between temperatures and food types when deciding the most suitable medium in fly larva rearing.

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Vertical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 - HIV-1 -transmission - a review

Cited by 18 publications

References 133 publications

Genetic Factors that Influence HIV Infection: The Role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex System

Genetic Factors that Influence HIV Infection: The Role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex System

Vertical transmission of HIV in Ghanaian women diagnosed in cord blood and post‐natal samples

Interaction effects of temperature and food on the development of forensically important fly, Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera: Phoridae)

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