Vertical transmission of Nosema fumiferanae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and consequences for distribution, post-diapause emergence and dispersal of second-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Frankenhuyzen, Kees van; Nystrom, Carl; Liu, Y.

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2007.03.017

Cited by 31 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Additional variation in 2 was caused by three other variables. A negative effect of maternal infection by N. fumiferanae on spring survival is consistent with the higher mortality of infected, spring-dispersing larvae observed by van Frankenhuyzen et al (2007) . No evidence was found of direct precipitation effects on survival suggested by Lucuik (1984) but two other weather-related factors had significant impacts on survival between emergence from overwintering sites and establishment in feeding sites.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

The fine‐scale population dynamics of spruce budworm: survival of early instars related to forest condition

Régnière

Nealis

2008

Ecological Entomology

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1. A lagged, density-dependent relationship between survival of early instars and host-tree condition is revealed during outbreaks of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Persistent damage to hosts leads to deterioration of the stand.2. Resource limitation affects survival during early-instar dispersal of spruce budworm. Impediments to distinguishing these events with estimates of survival were overcome with a simple model that describes the dispersal and survival processes. The model was used to analyse a recent 15-year population series from Black Sturgeon Lake and two historical datasets from Green River, in Canada.3. Defoliation-induced damage to the trees resulted in increased losses of springemerging larvae that are dispersing in search of feeding sites. Losses were further exacerbated by biotic factors such as maternal fecundity, rates of infection by the pathogen, Nosema fumiferanae , and by weather-related effects on the foraging period.4. Survival of early-stage budworm larvae in persistent outbreaks declined and the likelihood of other density-related factors such as rate of mortality from natural enemies increased. These results may reconcile outstanding differences in interpretation of the role of the forest resource in spruce budworm population dynamics and point to a common process linking the dynamics of other well-known budworm species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

The fine‐scale population dynamics of spruce budworm: survival of early instars related to forest condition

Régnière

Nealis

2008

Ecological Entomology

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“…Phenology can drive these relationships in similar ways as with multicellular natural enemies, as insect immunity can vary with host plant synchrony (Martemyanov et al 2015). The study of mycorrhizae (e.g., Tao et al 2016), phylloplane flora (e.g., Leong et al 1997), midgut biota (e.g., Mason and Raffa 2014;Martemyanov et al 2016), and pathogens (e.g., Hajek et al 1990;Leong et al 1997;van Frankenhuyzen et al 2007;Gowler et al 2015) in plant-herbivore systems is suggesting potentially important roles for multitrophic interactions with these poorly understood organisms. These relationships are only beginning to be identified and their phenologies or responses to climate have yet to be examined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nosema is generally sublethal and vertically transmitted through the egg. Maternal infection leads to lower overwinter survival, later emergence, later dispersal, and lower success in establishing a feeding site in young larvae (van Frankenhuyzen et al 2007). …”

Section: Spruce Budwormmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of phenological synchronization on caterpillar early-instar survival under a changing climate

Despland

2018

Can. J. For. Res.

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Early-instar caterpillars experience very high and often very variable mortality; if it is density dependent, it can be a key factor in outbreak dynamics. Plant physical and chemical defenses can be extremely effective against young caterpillars, even of specialists. Phenological asynchrony with host plants can lead to dispersal and mortality in the early instars and increased predation or poor nutrition in later instars. Predation on early-instar larvae (including cannibalism) can be extremely high, parasitism appears generally low, and pathogens acquired early in larval development can lead to high mortality in later stadia. Four well-studied species reveal very different roles of early-instar mortality in population dynamics. In spruce budworm and gypsy moth, early-instar mortality rates can be very high; they do not drive outbreak cycles because density dependence is weak, but can modulate cycles and contribute to outbreak size and duration. For the autumnal moth, early-instar survival depends on host plant synchrony, but may or may not be density dependent. For monarch butterflies, the relative importance of larval mortality rates in population dynamics remains unclear. Tritrophic interactions between herbivores, host plants, natural enemies, and microbes play complex and species-specific roles in early-instar ecology, leading to emergent dynamics in population fluctuations. The phenology of these relationships is often poorly understood, making their responses to climate change unpredictable.Key words: Lepidoptera, hatchlings, synchronization, outbreaks.Résumé : Les chenilles des premiers stades larvaires connaissent des taux de mortalité très élevés et souvent très variables; si ces taux varient avec la densité, ils peuvent devenir un facteur clé dans la dynamique des épidémies. Les défenses physiques et chimiques des plantes sont souvent extrêmement efficaces contre les jeunes chenilles, même celles des espèces spécialisées. L'asynchronie phénologique avec les plantes hôtes peut entraîner la dispersion et la mortalité chez les premiers stades larvaires, et une augmentation de la prédation ou une mauvaise nutrition chez les derniers stades larvaires. La prédation lors des premiers stades larvaires (incluant le cannibalisme) peut être extrêmement élevée, le parasitisme semble généralement faible et les pathogènes qui infectent tôt dans le développement des larves peuvent entraîner un taux de mortalité élevé chez les stades ultérieurs. Quatre espèces bien étudiées révèlent différents rôles de la mortalité chez les premiers stades larvaires dans la dynamique des populations. Chez la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette et la spongieuse, les taux de mortalité peuvent être très élevés chez les premiers stades larvaires; ils n'ont pas d'effet déterminant sur les cycles épidémiques parce que la dépendance à la densité est faible, mais ils peuvent moduler les cycles et contribuer à l'ampleur et à la durée des épidémies. Dans le cas de l'épirrite automnale, la survie des premiers stades larvaires dépend ...

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“…Assuming jack pine budworm is affected the same way, such effects could exacerbate the negative effects of reduced pollen cone density on early-instar survival that were reported by Nealis and Lomic (1994). Pollen-cone feeding by early instars sets the stage for maximum manifestation of such debilitating effects by increasing infection intensity, which is positively correlated with the degree of debilitation (Bauer and Nordin,1989;van Frankenhuyzen et al, 2007;Wilson, 1986).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Larva-to-larva transmission occurs through ingestion of spores that have been egested, regurgitated or released after death by infected larvae (Campbell et al, 2007;Thomson, 1958a). In both budworms, the pathogen is transmitted from mother to offspring inside the eggs (Thomson, 1958a;van Frankenhuyzen et al, 2007). Infected neonate larvae spin hibernacula under bark scales of branches, moult and enter diapause in late-summer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Nosema sp. (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) during an outbreak of the jack pine budworm in Ontario

Frankenhuyzen

Ryall

Liu

et al. 2011

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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Vertical transmission of Nosema fumiferanae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and consequences for distribution, post-diapause emergence and dispersal of second-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Cited by 31 publications

References 32 publications

The fine‐scale population dynamics of spruce budworm: survival of early instars related to forest condition

The fine‐scale population dynamics of spruce budworm: survival of early instars related to forest condition

Effects of phenological synchronization on caterpillar early-instar survival under a changing climate

Prevalence of Nosema sp. (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) during an outbreak of the jack pine budworm in Ontario

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