Very high radiofrequency radiation at Skeppsbron in Stockholm, Sweden from mobile phone base station antennas positioned close to pedestrians’ heads

Koppel, Tarmo; Ahonen, Mikko; Carlberg, Michael; Hardell, Lennart

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112627

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The standard limit for RF EMR public exposure is shown in Table 3 while the summarized EMR value at Kuala Nerus is shown in Table 4 and Table 5 below. In contrast with EMR readings in Sweden in 2022, it demonstrates an imbalanced RF field distribution with numerous hotspots and Skeppsbron street was saturated with high levels of radiofrequency radiation [25].…”

Section: Electric Field Strength (V/m) and Power Density (µW/cm²)mentioning

confidence: 59%

Preliminary Study of Ambient Electromagnetic Radiation at Base Tower Stations in Residential Areas in Kuala Nerus

Senafi,

Abdullah,

Umar

et al. 2023

Jurnal Teknologi

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Introduction: Mobile communications developed into an integral component of our daily life. The growing demand for mobile communication services in Kuala Nerus has seen an increase in the installation of base station towers (BST) in residential areas, as well as near schools, and hospitals. Kuala Nerus was selected as a study location because it is a newly developed district in Terengganu, hence, it is crucial to perform electromagnetic radiation (EMR) measurements in the early stages. Objective/aim: This study aimed to measure the RF EMR exposure level in residential areas in Kuala Nerus by measuring the strength of its electric field (EF) strength and power density (PD) value while comparing it with the ICNIRP’s standard guidelines. Materials and methods: Measurements were made using NARDA NBM 550, connected to a probe that could detect frequencies from 100kHz to 6GHz. The data collection period for each point was approximately 6 minutes during daytime. Results: Average radiation levels in terms of EF strength at all locations were found to vary between 0.26 (V/m) to 3.35 (V/m) (PD value about 0.02 µW/cm² to 2.97 µW/cm²). The highest level was measured at Surau Kg Pok Tuyu, which was 5.48% or 18 times lower than the MCMC exposure limit for public areas. Conclusion: The RF value obtained does not exceed the standard limit, which in turn contributes indirectly to health monitoring initiatives for public NIR exposure. This study found that exposure levels in selected BSTs in residential areas in Kuala Nerus were within the standard guideline limits.

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Section: Electric Field Strength (V/m) and Power Density (µW/cm²)mentioning

confidence: 59%

Preliminary Study of Ambient Electromagnetic Radiation at Base Tower Stations in Residential Areas in Kuala Nerus

Senafi,

Abdullah,

Umar

et al. 2023

Jurnal Teknologi

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“…No doubt, the use of wireless technology for communication has increased substantially during the last two decades. Measurements carried out in Stockholm in 2019 near mobile phone base station antenna array showed maximum reading of 2 648 000 µW/m 2 and average maximum level (over 1 minute) of 388 000 µW/m 2 [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…This decision, which was based on the evaluation of all research in the field up until 2011, has not led to the reduction of public exposure. On the contrary, the exposure has increased substantially [35,36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case Report: The Microwave Syndrome after Installation of 5G Emphasizes the Need for Protection from Radiofrequency Radiation

2023

Ann Case Report

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In this case, report two previously healthy persons, a man aged 63 years and a woman aged 62 years, developed symptoms of the microwave syndrome after installation of a 5G base station for wireless communication on the roof above their apartment. A base station for previous telecommunication generation technology (3G/4G) was present at the same spot since several years. Very high radiofrequency (RF) radiation with maximum (highest measured peak value) levels of 354 000, 1 690 000, and >2 500 000 µW/m 2 were measured at three occasions in the bedroom located only 5 meters below the new 5G base station, compared to maximum (peak) 9 000 µW/m 2 prior to the 5G deployment. The rapidly emerging symptoms after the 5G deployment were typical for the microwave syndrome with e.g., neurological symptoms, tinnitus, fatigue, insomnia, emotional distress, skin disorders, and blood pressure variability. The symptoms were more pronounced in the woman. Due to the severity of symptoms, the couple left their dwelling and moved to a small office room with maximum (peak) RF radiation 3 500 µW/m 2 . Within a couple of days, most of their symptoms alleviated or disappeared completely. This medical history can be regarded as a classic provocation test. The RF radiation levels in the apartment were well below the limit proposed to be "safe" below which no health effects would occur, recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation (ICNIRP). These now presented symptoms of the microwave syndrome were caused by non-thermal effects from RF radiation and highlight that the ICNIRP guidelines used in most countries including Sweden do not protect human health. Guidelines based on all biological negative effects from RF radiation are urgently needed, as well as monitoring human health, not the least due to rapidly increasing levels of exposure.

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“…With the development of mobile communication technology and the popularization of smartphones, electromagnetic exposure due to mobile communications is receiving increasing attention (Balmori, 2022; Jagetia, 2022; Kaur et al., 2023; Tran et al., 2023). Moreover, studies over the years have shown that electromagnetic exposure caused by downlink in mobile communication occupies a significant proportion, so effective measurement of exposure to downlink signals has always been the focus in the field of electromagnetic measurement (Birks et al., 2018; Choi et al., 2018; Eeftens et al., 2018; Koppel et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement and Calibration of EMF: A Study Using Phone and GBDT for Mobile Communication Signals

Zeng,

Chen,

et al. 2024

Radio Science

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Electromagnetic exposure caused by mobile communication signals has always been a cause of concern. Due to the cost and inconvenience of professional measurement equipment, researchers have turned to smartphone APPs to study and assess the electric field strength caused by mobile communication signals. However, existing cell phone‐based measurements have two weaknesses. First, no system architecture suitable for large‐scale crowdsourced testing has been proposed. Second, since smartphone sensors cannot measure electric field strength directly, existing methods for converting the received signal power of the phone and electric field strength have errors of more than 5 dB. This paper proposes a measurement and calibration method for electric field strength of mobile communication signals based on a smartphone app and gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT). This method consists of a downlink signal acquisition system based on an APP and a calibration model based on GBDT to convert received signal power into electric field strength. The experimental results show that the proposed model achieves a R2 score of 0.93 and a MAE of 0.97 dB. Compared with the existing methods, our method improves the calibration accuracy by 4 dB, enabling large‐scale, low‐cost, and high‐precision direct measurement of the electric field strength of mobile communication signals.

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Very high radiofrequency radiation at Skeppsbron in Stockholm, Sweden from mobile phone base station antennas positioned close to pedestrians’ heads

Cited by 22 publications

References 35 publications

Preliminary Study of Ambient Electromagnetic Radiation at Base Tower Stations in Residential Areas in Kuala Nerus

Preliminary Study of Ambient Electromagnetic Radiation at Base Tower Stations in Residential Areas in Kuala Nerus

Case Report: The Microwave Syndrome after Installation of 5G Emphasizes the Need for Protection from Radiofrequency Radiation

Measurement and Calibration of EMF: A Study Using Phone and GBDT for Mobile Communication Signals

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