Veterinary antimicrobial-usage statistics based on standardized measures of dosage

Jensen, Vibeke Frøkjær; Jacobsen, Erik; Bager, Flemming

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.04.001

Cited by 168 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In order to assess the correctness of prescription, the following weight indicators were chosen: the defined daily dose (DDD) that is defined as the nationally determined average maintenance dose per day and per kg chicken of a specific drug (Chauvin et al 2001;Jensen et al 2004). For poultry, the DDD was estimated based on the dosages mentioned in the Moroccan Dictionary of Veterinary Drugs (2015) (http://www.dmv-maroc.com/) and on the drug's instruction leaflet.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of antibacterial molecules in broiler production in Morocco

Rahmatallah

Rhaffouli

Amine

et al. 2018

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Monitoring the use of antibacterial agents in food-producing animals is crucial in order to reduce antimicrobial resistance, selection and dissemination of resistant bacterial strains, and drug residues in the animal food products. The broiler production sector is considered a great consumer of antibacterials and incriminated in the rise of antimicrobial resistance level in zoonotic bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter. Following recommendations from the OIE and WHO, a survey was conducted about the use and consumption of several antibacterial agents in Moroccan broiler flocks. More than 5 million broilers were randomly surveyed at the prescriber level, that is, via the veterinary clinics involved in their health management. The results showed that 93% of the flocks received at least one antibacterial treatment of minimum 3 days duration. Enrofloxacin, colistin and trimethoprim/sulphonamides were the most used antibacterials followed by oxytetracycline, florfenicol and amoxicillin. Oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin and colistin were overdosed in most of the administration, while amoxicillin and the combination of trimethoprim/sulphonamides were under-dosed. The total amount of antibacterial consumed in the survey was 63.48 mg/kg and the Animal Level of Exposure to Antimicrobials (ALEA) was 94.45%. The reasons for this frequent use were related mainly to the poor quality of broiler production management. Chicks and animal feed provided to producers were of variable quality. Management of rearing stock density was often poor and biosecurity inadequate, and broilers were challenged by a high prevalence of infectious diseases.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of antibacterial molecules in broiler production in Morocco

Rahmatallah

Rhaffouli

Amine

et al. 2018

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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“…Antibiotic use in this study was expressed as the number of animal daily dosages (ADD). One ADD is defined as a standardized 1-d treatment, being the average dose for a 1-d treatment of a registered veterinary drug for its main indication (Jensen et al, 2004). In this approach 1 ADD is calculated as the dosage multiplied by the application frequency per day.…”

Section: Antibiotic Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cows

Scherpenzeel

Uijl

Schaik

et al. 2014

Journal of Dairy Science

106

125

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The goal of dry cow therapy (DCT) is to reduce the prevalence of intramammary infections (IMI) by eliminating existing IMI at drying off and preventing new IMI from occurring during the dry period. Due to public health concerns, however, preventive use of antibiotics has become questionable. This study evaluated selective DCT in 1,657 cows with low somatic cell count (SCC) at the last milk recording before drying off in 97 Dutch dairy herds. Low SCC was defined as <150,000 cells/mL for primiparous and <250,000 cells/ mL for multiparous cows. A split-udder design was used in which 2 quarters of each cow were treated with dry cow antibiotics and the other 2 quarters remained as untreated controls. The effect of DCT on clinical mastitis (CM), bacteriological status, SCC, and antibiotic use were determined at the quarter level using logistic regression and chi-squared tests. The incidence rate of CM was found to be 1.7 times (95% confidence interval = 1.4-2.1) higher in quarters dried off without antibiotics as compared with quarters dried off with antibiotics. Streptococcus uberis was the predominant organism causing CM in both groups. Somatic cell count at calving and 14 d in milk was significantly higher in quarters dried off without antibiotics (772,000 and 46,000 cells/mL, respectively) as compared with the quarters dried off with antibiotics (578,000 and 30,000 cells/mL, respectively). Quarters with an elevated SCC at drying off and quarters with a positive culture for major pathogens at drying off had a higher risk for an SCC above 200,000 cells/mL at 14 d in milk as compared with quarters with a low SCC at drying off and quarters with a negative culture for major pathogens at drying off. For quarters that were culture-positive for major pathogens at drying off, a trend for a higher risk on CM was also found. Selective DCT, not using DCT in cows that had a low SCC at the last milk recording before drying off, significantly increased the incidence rate of CM and SCC. The decrease in antibiotic use by drying off quarters without DCT was not compensated by an increase in antibiotic use for treating CM. Total antibiotic use related to mastitis was reduced by 85% in these quarters.

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“…The number of ADD/animal was considered as a measure of a potential selected pressure imposed on flock bacterial flora, as evoked by Jensen et al [16] and not as a measure of treatments. A treatment administered in the earliest stages of the rearing period would contribute less to the total consumption than a treatment administered at later stages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of animal daily doses (ADD) purchased was then calculated for each antimicrobial active substance. The ADD is a measurement unit of drug use developed as a counterpart to the defined daily dose (DDD) [16] but corresponding to national practices or recommendations. The DDD was defined in human medicine as the theoretical average maintenance dose per day for the drug used in its main indication in adults [20].…”

Section: Outcome Variable Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pharmaco-epidemiological analysis of factors associated with antimicrobial consumption level in turkey broiler flocks

et al. 2005

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-An on-farm pharmaco-epidemiological survey of 246 turkey broiler flocks from 131 farms was carried out to assess the homogeneity of antimicrobial use between flocks on the same farm and to explore the possible relationships between farm and farmer characteristics and the level of antimicrobial use. The antimicrobial use in each flock was quantified by an invoice study, expressed as the number of national animal daily doses (ADD)/turkey broiler and characterised as "high", "medium" or "low" according to the tertiles of the resulting distribution. Antimicrobial use was then correlated with variables collected from the farmer by means of an alternating logistic regression method which calculates the pairwise odds ratio (PWOR) for within-farm clustering. Two independent models were fitted: (1) "low" versus "medium" + "high" antimicrobial consumption and (2) "high" versus "medium" + "low" antimicrobial consumption. PWOR from the null models were significant (P < 0.005), but only remained significant in the first final model (P = 0.002). Four explanatory variables were retained for both models. Prophylactic antimicrobial administration and veterinarian antimicrobial prescription attaining the farm technical staff's expectation were associated with a higher antimicrobial consumption level. Administration of competitive exclusion flora and compliance with biosecurity rules of changing clothes and shoes before entering the facilities, were associated with a lower antimicrobial consumption level. In the first model, the number of full-time jobs devoted to the turkey production unit (1 versus more than 1) was also found to be associated with the antimicrobial consumption level. The study tends to confirm the feasibility of the adopted approach to quantify antimicrobial use and to determine the factors likely to influence antimicrobial consumption.antimicrobial / pharmaco-epidemiology / alternating logistic regression (ALR) / turkey broiler / animal daily dose (ADD)

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Veterinary antimicrobial-usage statistics based on standardized measures of dosage

Cited by 168 publications

References 22 publications

Consumption of antibacterial molecules in broiler production in Morocco

Consumption of antibacterial molecules in broiler production in Morocco

Evaluation of the use of dry cow antibiotics in low somatic cell count cows

A pharmaco-epidemiological analysis of factors associated with antimicrobial consumption level in turkey broiler flocks

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