Veterinary vaccines against toxoplasmosis

Hiszczyńska-Sawicka, Elżbieta; Gatkowska, Justyna; Grzybowski, Marcin; Długońska, Henryka

doi:10.1017/s0031182014000481

Cited by 50 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 96 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…Following resolution of primary infections and the generation of persistent (Toxoplasma bradyzoites) or latent states (herpesviruses), sporadic subclinical reactivations often occur, leading to the synthesis of antigen and immune stimulation (60,61). There is evidence that both of these persistent/latent infections may confer protection to rechallenge (62)(63)(64). Similarly, there is evidence that latent M. tuberculosis may undergo limited replication (65) and that latent, asymptomatic infections are associated with significant resistance to active disease (66).…”

Section: Lpg2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Continual renewal and replication of persistentLeishmania majorparasites in concomitantly immune hosts

Mandell

Beverley

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

112

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In most natural infections or after recovery, small numbers of Leishmania parasites remain indefinitely in the host. Persistent parasites play a vital role in protective immunity against disease pathology upon reinfection through the process of concomitant immunity, as well as in transmission and reactivation, yet are poorly understood. A key question is whether persistent parasites undergo replication, and we devised several approaches to probe the small numbers in persistent infections. We find two populations of persistent Leishmania major: one rapidly replicating, similar to parasites in acute infections, and another showing little evidence of replication. Persistent Leishmania were not found in "safe" immunoprivileged cell types, instead residing in macrophages and DCs, ∼60% of which expressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Remarkably, parasites within iNOS + cells showed normal morphology and genome integrity and labeled comparably with BrdU to parasites within iNOS − cells, suggesting that these parasites may be unexpectedly resistant to NO. Nonetheless, because persistent parasite numbers remain roughly constant over time, their replication implies that ongoing destruction likewise occurs. Similar results were obtained with the attenuated lpg2 − mutant, a convenient model that rapidly enters a persistent state without inducing pathology due to loss of the Golgi GDP mannose transporter. These data shed light on Leishmania persistence and concomitant immunity, suggesting a model wherein a parasite reservoir repopulates itself indefinitely, whereas some progeny are terminated in antigen-presenting cells, thereby stimulating immunity. This model may be relevant to understanding immunity to other persistent pathogen infections.latency | quiescence | trypanosomatid protozoan parasite | vaccination | stem cell-like

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Section: Lpg2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Continual renewal and replication of persistentLeishmania majorparasites in concomitantly immune hosts

Mandell

Beverley

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

112

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“…A study proved the that bLfcin reduced the infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria stiedai when the sporozoites were preincubated with bLfcin, and penetration of mouse embryonal and rabbit hepatobiliary cells was decreased [40][41][42]. In domestic animals, the T. gondii infection can be asymptomatic depending on the parasite strain and host immune status; one of the clear clinical signs is abortion, especially in sheep [43]. On the other hand, E. stiedai inhabits epithelial cells of the bile ducts in rabbits, and its transmission is through the ingestion of sporulated oocysts [44].…”

Section: In Vitro Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactoferrin: A Powerful Antimicrobial Protein Present in Milk

Luna-Castro¹,

Samaniego-Barrón²,

Serrano-Rubio³

et al. 2017

J Adv Dairy Res

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Lactoferrin (Lf) is an iron-chelating glycoprotein present in milk and mucosal secretions, a component of the mammalian innate immune system. Lf is microbiostatic and microbicidal. Lf can reduce the bacterial expression of virulence factors, such as those involved in biofilm production and protease secretion. The high identity among mammalian Lf sequences facilitates its use in human and veterinary medicine. Lf of bovine origin is the principal Lf used due to its commercial availability through purification from milk whey; recombinant Lfs (bovine, human, and porcine) have been used as well. Lf is a stable protein that retains its physicochemical characteristics under gastric pH conditions, and in most cases it is bioactive even after digestion; thus, the incorporation of Lf into diets facilitates its administration to animals. The aim of this review is to examine original research in which the effects of bovine and porcine Lf on pathogens of domestic animals have been demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo assays, with the purpose of ascertaining the benefits that Lf provides in the treatment of infectious diseases.

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“…To control and prevent the disease harmful effects, development of a vaccine against toxoplasmosis is highlighted. Usually immunization focuses on the intermediate hosts due to the presence of numerous and broad spread of cats . Toxovax (S48 strain), a live attenuated vaccine, is the only commercially available vaccine which has been effective in prevention of toxoplasmosis in sheep and goat .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the immune response in BALB/c mice induced by a novel DNA vaccine expressing GRA14 against Toxoplasma gondii

Ahmadpour

Sarvi

Soteh

et al. 2017

Parasite Immunology

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Toxoplasma gondii can cause severe and even fatal disease in human beings and animals. Effective vaccines may contribute to control toxoplasmosis. GRA14, a novel secreted dense granule protein of T. gondii, has been proposed as a vaccine candidate due to its intervacuolar transport and unique topology in the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. In this study, we constructed a DNA vaccine encoding GRA14 of T. gondii. BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly three times at 2 week intervals and challenged with T. gondii RH strain 5 weeks later. The immune responses were evaluated using lymphocyte proliferation assay, cytokine and antibody measurements. In addition, the survival times and parasite load of mice challenged with the virulent T. gondii RH strain were evaluated. The results showed that the mice immunized with pcGRA14 induced both enhanced specific humoral and Th1 cellular immune responses, and also mice immunized with the pcGRA14 showed an increased survival time and decreased parasite load compared with control groups (P<.05). The results indicated, for the first time, that the GRA14 is a potential DNA vaccine against toxoplasmosis.

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Veterinary vaccines against toxoplasmosis

Cited by 50 publications

References 96 publications

Continual renewal and replication of persistentLeishmania majorparasites in concomitantly immune hosts

Continual renewal and replication of persistentLeishmania majorparasites in concomitantly immune hosts

Lactoferrin: A Powerful Antimicrobial Protein Present in Milk

Evaluation of the immune response in BALB/c mice induced by a novel DNA vaccine expressing GRA14 against Toxoplasma gondii

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