“…The traditional clinching process only involves plastic deformation under quasi-static load at room temperatures, and the traditional constitutive model can predict the clinching progress accurately. However, with the development of new clinching processes, coupled fields, such as temperature field [117,118], vibration field [119] and electromagnetic field [48,49], are added, and the constitutive model is inadequate to capture the deformation behaviour of high temperature, high speed and frequency. Thus, researchers calibrated the constitutive equations of the material under the coupled fields [48,49,65,83,119], especially in the high-speed and high-frequency environment.…”