Vibrio factors cause rapid fluid accumulation in suckling mice

Nishibuchi, Mitsuaki; Seidler, Ramon J.; Rollins, David M.; Joseph, Shirley A.

doi:10.1128/iai.40.3.1083-1091.1983

Cited by 57 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Non-O 1 V. cholerae E 8498 strain used as a positive control is certainly a good CT-like-enterotoxin producer, CT levels from 16 to 32ng/ml being consistently detected in all the media used, as well as in the ligated rabbit ileal loop. Our conclusion coincides with the reports of Spira et al (14) and Nishibuchi et al (11) who found strains which were CT-like-enterotoxin-negative but enteropatho genicamong isolates from the environment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Studies on the Enteropathogenic Mechanism of Non‐O 1 Vibrio cholerae Isolated from the Environment and Fish in Toyama Prefecture

Gyobu

Kodama

Uetake

et al. 1984

Microbiology and Immunology

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Enteropathogenic mechanisms of non-0 I Vibrio cholerae were investigated using strains from the environment and those from fish in Toyama Prefecture.None of the 93 non-0 1 V. cholerae strains produced a detectable level of choleratoxin-like-enterotoxin (CT-like-enterotoxin) in Syncase medium, while 23 strains showed a distinct fluid accumulation in the rabbit ileal loop test (RIL). These RILpositive strains neither produced CT-like-enterotoxin in vitro in the other four kinds of media which are considered suitable for CT production, nor in vivo in the ligated ileal loop. Approximately one-third of RIL-positive strains produced a fluid accumulating factor (FAF) which was not neutralized with anti-CT serum. FAF of a representative strain (Strain 79-9-2) was inactivated by heating at 100 C for 10 min, and has a molecular weight within the range of 50,000 to 100,000 daltons. Most accumulated fluids in RIL after inoculation with whole cultures of RIL-positive strains contained both hemolytic and cytotoxic principles.Desquamation of epithelial cells, inflammatory edema, neutrophile infiltration, loss of goblet cells and frequent hemorrhages were observed in sections of ligated ileal loop inoculated with whole cultures or concentrated culture filtrates of CT-likeenterotoxin-negative but RIL-positive strains. In contrast, neither desquamation of epithelial cells nor hemorrhage was observed in sections after inoculation with those of a CT-like-enterotoxin positive strain (Strain E 8498).These results indicated that most RIL-positive non-0 1 V. cholerae strains from the environment and fish isolated in Toyama Prefecture produce little CT-likeenterotoxin, but some of them produce FAF with cytotoxic activities.Diarrhea accompanied by non-0 1 Vibrio cholerae infection seems to be, in general, milder than that due to 0 1 V. cholerae, although certain strains cause cholera-like illness clinically indistinguishable from each other. Zinnaka and Carpenter (18) and Ohashi et al (12) found that culture filtrates of some non-0 1 strains causing cholera-like illness contain a heat labile permeability factor which is immunologically related to cholera toxin (CT) produced by O 1 strains. Craig et al (1, 17) also found a toxin, similar to CT, in a culture filtrate of non-0 1 strain isolated from fresh water in Louisiana.735

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Studies on the Enteropathogenic Mechanism of Non‐O 1 Vibrio cholerae Isolated from the Environment and Fish in Toyama Prefecture

Gyobu

Kodama

Uetake

et al. 1984

Microbiology and Immunology

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“…cytotoxins (24,28,29,34,39), some of which have the ability to stimulate net secretion by intestinal mucosa (24,28). It should be possible to prepare additional mutants deleted of the genes encoding the accessory toxins, perhaps resulting in fully attenuated vaccine strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One hypothesis suggested that the act of colonization of the proximal small intestine by adherent vibrios by itself results in net intestinal secretion manifested clinically as mild diarrhea. The alternative hypothesis argues that the V. cholerae vaccine strains possess additional secretogens, distinct from cholera toxin, such as the hemolysins/cytotoxins, cytotoxins/proteases, or Shiga-like toxins (10,24,28,29,34,38,39), and that these are responsible for the mild diarrhea seen in the vaccinees. We proceeded to develop additional vaccine strains to test these hypotheses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Volunteer studies of deletion mutants of Vibrio cholerae O1 prepared by recombinant techniques

et al. 1988

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Vibrio cholerae 01 A-Bvaccine strain JBK 70 and A-B' CVD 101 prepared by recombinant DNA techniques from pathogenic El Tor Inaba N16961 and classical Ogawa 395, respectively, were fed to 38 volunteers in single doses of 104 to 1010. Although severe diarrhea did not occur in any vaccinee, more than one-hplf developed mild diarrhea. These attenuated strains colonized well and elicited prominent vibriocidal and antitoxic (CVD 101) antibody responses. Recipients of a single dose of JBK 70 were significantly protected when challenged with 106 wild-type N16961. Diarrhea occurred in 7 of 8 controls but in only 1 of 10 vaccinees (P < 0.003, 89% vaccine efficacy), demonstrating the potency of immune mechanisms that do not involve cholera antitoxin. Further derivatives were prepared to explore the pathogenesis of the residual diarrhea, considering that either intestinal colonization by the vaccine itself or accessory toxins might be responsible. CVD 102, an auxotrophic mutant of CVD 101, did not cause diarrhea but colonized poorly and elicited feeble immune responses. Derivatives of JBK 70 and CVD 101 (CVD 104 and 105) deleted of genes encoding the El Tor hemolysin still caused mild diarrhea. Genetically engineered strains can be colonizing, highly immunogenic, and protective single-dose oral vaccines, but they must be further attenuated before they can be considered for use as public health tools.

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“…Other vibrios responsible for severe infections, such as Photobacterium damsela (formerly Listonella or Vibrio damsela) (Fraser et al 1997) are transmitted through wounds. The pathogenicity of these bacteria is often due to their ability to secrete extracellular products such as proteases, haemagglutinin (Honda et al 1987), enterotoxin (Yamamoto et al 1982;Spira and Fedorka-Cray 1983), haemolysin (Yamamoto et al 1984;Honda et al 1985), cytotoxin (MacCardell et al 1985 ) and other uncharacterized virulence factors (Nishibuchi et al 1983). However, in recent years other micro-organisms, now classi®ed as Aeromonas and Plesiomonas groups (http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/tax.html), have at times been held responsible for enterotoxic episodes (Rutala et al 1982;Merino et al 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%