Vietnam: A cross-cultural comparison of upward influence ethics

Ethical preferences for influencing superiors: A 41-society study

“…Consistent with previous two-to six-country studies (Egri et al, 2000;Ralston et al, 1994Ralston et al, , 2001Ralston et al, , 2006b), we found across-society agreement that organizationally beneficial subordinate influence ethics behavior was viewed as the most ethical, self-indulgent was viewed as the next most ethical, and destructive was viewed as the least ethical. Table 3 presents the means, standard deviations, and correlations for the individual (Level 1) variables and the societal (Level 2) variables.…”

“…The SUI also has an intermediate self-indulgent behavior dimension that includes self-serving behaviors, similar to those in Schmidt and Kipnis's (1984) ''hard'' dimension. Previous cross-cultural studies have found that organizationally beneficial ethics behavior is regarded as the most ethical, self-indulgent as relatively less ethical, and destructive ethics behavior as decidedly the least ethical (Ralston, Terpstra-Tong, Maignan, Napier, & Nguyen, 2006b). Consequently, in terms of relative ethicality, we expect the clearest delineation to be between organizationally beneficial and destructive behaviors.…”

“…Another possibility is that destructive ethics behavior might be viewed as the ultimate unethical self-serving behavior. Research has consistently shown that managers in collectivistic cultures view destructive ethics behavior as more ethical than do managers in individualistic cultures (Egri et al, 2000;Ralston et al, 2001Ralston et al, , 2006bRalston, Gustafson, Mainiero, & Umstot, 1993;Ralston, Hallinger, Egri, & Naothinsuhk, 2005). One explanation is that the lack of effective controls for unethical actions in the less formalized political-legal systems is typical of collectivistic cultures (e.g., Davis & Ruhe, 2003;Husted, 1999).…”

Doing Better Research on Organizational Behaviour in Chinese Cultural Settings: Suggestions from the Notebooks of Two Fellow-Travellers

“…Furthermore, while single‐country studies relied on regression, and cross‐cultural studies integrating two or three countries on F ‐tests (Ralston, Holt, Terpstra, & Yu, 1997; Ralston, Terpstra‐Tong, Maignan, Napier, & Nguyen, 2006), the latest cross‐cultural work applies structural equation modelling (Newtonian), or, in the case of multicultural models, hierarchical linear modelling (Parboteeah & Cullen, 2003; Parboteeah et al., 2008a; Ralston et al., 2009). Contributions of cross‐cultural research across the four eras demonstrate how the field has evolved into increasing sophistication, enhancing our capability to unpackage the role of culture as a contextual influence for international business.…”

The Profile of Professional Standards for Secondary School Principals in Vietnam

“…The conception of laws and regulations in Vietnam in general and in educational policies, in particular, is linked to Confucianism and Socialist ideologies (George, 2005;Pham, 2005). Confucian culture remains a strong foundation for different expected norms (Borton, 2000;Ralston et al, 2006;Truong, 2013;; whereas government policy is formulated and implemented under the guidance of the Communist Party of Vietnam, and exercised as an administrative instrument of the Party (George, 2005;). This means while many of the qualities expected of school principals in Vietnam are similar to those found in other educational systems 320round the world, the practices of Vietnamese school leaders are characterised and influenced by the country's political and cultural orientation.…”