Vigilance and Avoidance during Sleep in US Vietnam War Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Kramer, Milton; Kinney, Lois

doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000092179.74348.20

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…There is general agreement that total sleep time and sleep efficiency are disrupted in PTSD (Dow, Kelsoe, & Gillin, 1996;Gillin et al, 1993), but there is disagreement as to the extent and nature of changes in REM sleep. Higher arousal thresholds in REM and non-REM sleep appear to be common among veterans (Kramer & Kinney, 2003;Lavie, Katz, Pillar, & Zinger, 1998;Dagen, Lavie, & Bleich, 1991).…”

Section: Combat Veteransmentioning

confidence: 93%

Sleep and Trauma: An Overview

Caldwell¹,

Redeker²

2005

Issues in Mental Health Nursing

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Sleep disturbance is common after traumatic events of various types, such as combat, physical trauma, and sexual abuse, and closely intertwined with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), a common outcome of severe and prolonged trauma. This paper reviews the current literature on the significance and characteristics of sleep disturbance occurring in the context of trauma, examines the relationship between sleep disturbance and PTSD, identifies gaps in knowledge relative to the role of sleep disturbance in trauma and PTSD, and discusses the implications of this body of knowledge for clinical practice.

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Section: Combat Veteransmentioning

confidence: 93%

Sleep and Trauma: An Overview

Caldwell¹,

Redeker²

2005

Issues in Mental Health Nursing

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“…Current research addressing the volitional attempt to suppress unwanted thoughts and feelings (“thought suppression”) finds that such attempts increase the likelihood that the suppressed thoughts reoccur in a person's dreams, especially those in REM sleep (Wegner, Wenzlaff, & Kozak, ). Furthermore, the intentional avoidance of internal and external stimuli is associated with the presence of recurrent nightmares (Kramer & Kinney, ). In experimental trials, deliberate thought suppression and subsequent dream rebound were enhanced by cognitive load (Bryant, Wyzenbeek, & Weinstein, ) and deliberate thought suppression worsened sleep quality and mental health, when practised over a period of 1 week (Kröner‐Borowik et al., ).…”

Section: Nightmare Aetiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Aetiology and treatment of nightmare disorder: State of the art and future perspectives

Gieselmann

Aoudia²,

Carr

et al. 2019

Journal of Sleep Research

169

159

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This consensus paper provides an overview of the state of the art in research on the aetiology and treatment of nightmare disorder and outlines further perspectives on these issues. It presents a definition of nightmares and nightmare disorder followed by epidemiological findings, and then explains existing models of nightmare aetiology in traumatized and non‐traumatized individuals. Chronic nightmares develop through the interaction of elevated hyperarousal and impaired fear extinction. This interplay is assumed to be facilitated by trait affect distress elicited by traumatic experiences, early childhood adversity and trait susceptibility, as well as by elevated thought suppression and potentially sleep‐disordered breathing. Accordingly, different treatment options for nightmares focus on their meaning, on the chronic repetition of the nightmare or on maladaptive beliefs. Clinically, knowledge of healthcare providers about nightmare disorder and the delivery of evidence‐based interventions in the healthcare system is discussed. Based on these findings, we highlight some future perspectives and potential further developments of nightmare treatments and research into nightmare aetiology.

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“…The presence of trauma-related dreams within 1 month post-trauma is a good predictor of PTSD symptoms severity 6 weeks later ( 19 ). Nightmares might predict PTSD symptoms severity independently from insomnia ( 20 ) as well as anxiety/depressive symptoms and lower sleep efficiency ( 21 ). Finally, nightmares might lead to sleep fragmentation, resulting in increased insomnia severity ( 22 , 23 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobiology of Sleep Disturbances in PTSD Patients and Traumatized Controls: MRI and SPECT Findings

et al. 2015

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ObjectiveSleep disturbances such as insomnia and nightmares are core components of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet their neurobiological relationship is still largely unknown. We investigated brain alterations related to sleep disturbances in PTSD patients and controls by using both structural and functional neuroimaging techniques.MethodThirty-nine subjects either developing (n = 21) or not developing (n = 18) PTSD underwent magnetic resonance imaging and a symptom-provocation protocol followed by the injection of 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime. Subjects were also tested with diagnostic and self-rating scales on the basis of which a Sleep Disturbances Score (SDS; i.e., amount of insomnia/nightmares) was computed.ResultsCorrelations between SDS and gray matter volume (GMV)/regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were computed in the whole sample and separately in the PTSD and control groups. In the whole sample, higher sleep disturbances were associated with significantly reduced GMV in amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, and insula; increased rCBF in midbrain, precuneus, and insula; and decreased rCBF in anterior cingulate. This pattern was substantially confirmed in the PTSD group, but not in controls.ConclusionSleep disturbances are associated with GMV loss in anterior limbic/paralimbic, PTSD-sensitive structures and with functional alterations in regions implicated in rapid eye movement-sleep control, supporting the existence of a link between PTSD and sleep disturbance.

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Vigilance and Avoidance during Sleep in US Vietnam War Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Cited by 25 publications

References 13 publications

Sleep and Trauma: An Overview

Sleep and Trauma: An Overview

Aetiology and treatment of nightmare disorder: State of the art and future perspectives

Neurobiology of Sleep Disturbances in PTSD Patients and Traumatized Controls: MRI and SPECT Findings

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