“…Over the past years, the nanoparticle shapes of rod ( Nakayama et al, 2015 ), belt ( Talloj et al, 2020 ), wire ( Hu et al, 2021 ), sheet ( Mutalik et al, 2022 ), bipyramid ( Yougbaré et al, 2021 ), triangle ( Kuwahara et al, 2020 ), hexagon ( Yong et al, 2021 ), disc ( Chen et al, 2020 ), cube ( Wang et al, 2021 ), octahedron ( Park et al, 2018 ), tripod ( Feng et al, 2020 ), star ( Spedalieri et al, 2021 ), thorn ( Li et al, 2020a ), and tetrapod ( Qiu and Yang, 2007 ) have been synthesized for different applications. For example, gold nanorods have been widely used in photothermal therapy because of their surface plasmon peaks in the near-infrared laser in comparison to nanospheres ( Darwish et al, 2020 ). In particular, the shape-effect research studies are mainly dependent on metal or metal oxide nanoparticles such as gold and silver because they are easily controlled ( Zhu et al, 2016 ; Chakraborty and Parak, 2019 ).…”