Violating American Values: A “Value Congruence” Approach to Understanding Outgroup Attitudes

Biernat, Monica; Vescio, Theresa K.; Theno, Shelley A.

doi:10.1006/jesp.1996.0018

Cited by 145 publications

(144 citation statements)

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“…Similar findings indicative of preferential evaluations of Blacks on verbal measures have been reported by other researchers (Biernat & Vescio, 1993;Biernat, Vescio, & Theno, 1996;Gaertner & Dovidio, 1977;Jussim, Coleman, & Lerch, 1987). Arguably, this active preferential treatment of Black targets is due to a desire to appear nonprejudiced, or at least to adhere to norms prohibiting prejudice.…”

Section: Whence Motivation?supporting

confidence: 86%

“…They found that Whites reported especially positive impressions of the Black target on traditional explicit measures, but reported relatively negative impressions of Blacks when connected to a bogus pipeline, which could supposedly measure their true attitudes. Carver et al's participants apparently experienced a motivation to avoid prejudiced responding.Similar findings indicative of preferential evaluations of Blacks on verbal measures have been reported by other researchers (Biernat & Vescio, 1993;Biernat, Vescio, & Theno, 1996;Gaertner & Dovidio, 1977;Jussim, Coleman, & Lerch, 1987). Arguably, this active preferential treatment of Black targets is due to a desire to appear nonprejudiced, or at least to adhere to norms prohibiting prejudice.…”

supporting

confidence: 86%

“…Regardless of status and gender, participants made more positive trait ratings of the Black targets (M = 4.36, SD = 0.52) than the White targets (M = 4.17, SD = 0.49). This difference was highly significant, t(57) = 5.98, p < .001, d = 1.58, 5 and is reminiscent of other reports of Whites showing preferential treatment of Blacks (e.g., Biernat & Vescio, 1993;Biernat et al, 1996;Carver et al, 1978;Jussim et al, 1987).…”

Section: Trait Inferencessupporting

confidence: 59%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Trait Inferences as a Function of Automatically Activated Racial Attitudes and Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions

Olson¹,

Fázio²

2004

Basic and Applied Social Psychology

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This study investigated how automatically activated racial attitudes and motivation to control prejudiced reactions contribute to the impressions formed of targets whose photos varied by race, gender, and occupation. In earlier sessions, participants completed Dunton and Fazio's (1997) Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions scale, and underwent a priming procedure (Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995) that provided an unobtrusive estimate of their automatically activated racial attitudes. In the final session, participants provided trait ratings of a number of target photos. Automatically activated racial attitudes were related to the trait inferences participants made of Blacks compared to matched Whites. However, this effect was moderated by motivation to control prejudiced reactions. Among the more motivated, both those with more negative and those with more positive attitudes displayed evidence of correction for their attitudes. This discussion focuses on the ways in which different kinds of motivation to control prejudiced reactions may manifest differently.First impressions are often formed as a function of the category of which the social target is a member. The general lesson from research in impression formation is that categorical-based impressions are relatively effortless and occur under conditions of low motivation or ability, and individuation is effortful and occurs under conditions of high motivation or ability (Brewer, 1988;Devine & Monteith;1999;Fazio, 1990;Fiske, Lin, & Neuberg, 1999;Fiske & Neuberg, 1990;Kunda & Thagard, 1996; but see Gilbert & Hixon, 1991;Spencer, Fein, Wolfe, Hodgson, & Dunn, 1998). Most models of impression formation assume that stereotypes and other group level information are activated from memory on perception of a group member (e.g., Banaji & Hardin, 1996;Banaji, Harden, & Rothman, 1993;Brewer, 1988;Devine, 1989;Fiske et al., 1999). 1 More deliberate and careful processing, on the other hand, can occur as the target's power over the perceiver increases (Fiske et al., 1999), under expectations of future interaction with the target (Johnston, Hewstone, Pendry, & Frankish, 1994), increased accountability for one's judgments (Tetlock, 1992), fear of invalidity (Kruglanski, 1989), and with the presence of unexpected, difficult, or surprising information that begs an explanation (Kintsch, 1988;Kunda, 1990).However, there are some notable qualifications to automatic stereotype activation. Gilbert and Hixon (1991) showed that under conditions of cognitive load, stereotypes may not be activated at all (see also Spencer et al., 1998). Stereotype activation also depends on the goals of the perceiver (e.g., Macrae, Bodenhausen, Milne, Thorn, & Castelli, 1997 In the realm of racial prejudice, other models of avoiding prejudiced responses suggest that motivated individuals might "replace," or "override" prejudiced responses with more positive ones, instead of attempting to correct for the bias associated with their automatically activated attitudes (e.g., Devine & Monteith,...

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Section: Whence Motivation?supporting

confidence: 86%

supporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Trait Inferencessupporting

confidence: 59%

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Trait Inferences as a Function of Automatically Activated Racial Attitudes and Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions

Olson¹,

Fázio²

2004

Basic and Applied Social Psychology

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“…According to these authors, egalitarianism (e.g., equality and social justice) is the basis of norms for anti-discrimination (Moskowitz, Gollwitzer, Wasel, & Schaal, 1999;Moskowitz, Salomon, & Taylor, 2000). By contrast, meritocratic norms (e.g., effort, competition, merit, and hierarchy) are associated with all kinds of discrimination (Biernat, Vescio, & Theno, 1996;Vala, Lima, & Lopes, 2004). To sum up, these investigations show that egalitarianism supports an anti-discrimination norm and that meritocracy weakens this norm and facilitates discrimination.…”

Section: Infra-humanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

From infra-humanization to discrimination: The mediation of symbolic threat needs egalitarian norms

Pereira

Vala

Leyens

2009

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

117

118

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a b s t r a c tThis set of studies tests the link between infra-humanization, symbolic threat, and discrimination within normative contexts. In two experiments, manipulating the degree of humanity of a disliked outgroup has an effect upon the discrimination towards it. The infra-humanized outgroup is more discriminated than the humanized one. Also, the perception of symbolic threat plays the role of a justifying factor for discrimination, and mediates the relationship between degrees of humanity and discrimination. Study 2 further shows that this mediation occurs only when an egalitarian norm is activated, and not when meritocracy is made salient. The discussion focuses on factors likely to prevent infra-humanization of outgroups. It also considers how norms may change the role of threat.

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“…The representation of non-whites further reinforces whites' clear position at the top of a hegemonic social order (Sniderman et al 1991;Biernat et al 1996;Sears et al 1997). The urgency in African-American New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin's voice during and just after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans (2005) suggests fear and desperation; the static in the audio track suggests inferior quality and lack of clarity -both suggest lack of strength and power.…”

Section: Implicit Cues: Supporting Traditionalist Conservatismmentioning

confidence: 98%

Navigating US greenways: US political reflections inAn Inconvenient Truth

Poff

2013

Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences

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Violating American Values: A “Value Congruence” Approach to Understanding Outgroup Attitudes

Cited by 145 publications

References 0 publications

Trait Inferences as a Function of Automatically Activated Racial Attitudes and Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions

Trait Inferences as a Function of Automatically Activated Racial Attitudes and Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions

From infra-humanization to discrimination: The mediation of symbolic threat needs egalitarian norms

Navigating US greenways: US political reflections inAn Inconvenient Truth

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