Viral and Antibody Prevalence of Hepatitis E in European Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) and Hunters at Zoonotic Risk in the Latium Region

Montagnaro, Serena; Martinis, Claudio de; Sasso, Simona; Ciarcia, Roberto; Damiano, Sara; Auletta, Luigi; Iovane, Valentina; Zottola, T.; Pagnini, Ugo

doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.04.006

Cited by 53 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Our results show an overall seroprevalence of 32.94% and 31.10% in domestic pigs and wild boars. Both results correspond to results previously reported in European countries (BURRI et al, 2014;ANITA et al, 2014;MONTAGNARO et al, 2015;THIRY et al, 2015;MAZZEI et al, 2015). The majority of samples tested within our study were collected from the northern regions of Croatia, where heV rNa prevalence in pigs and wild boars L. Jemeršić et al: Hepatitis E virus persistence in pigs and wild boars in Croatia was previously detected (PRPIĆ et al, 2015).…”

Section: Serology Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Differences in hepatitis E virus (HEV) presence in naturally infected seropositive domestic pigs and wild boars - an indication of wild boars having an important role in HEV epidemiology

Jemeršić

Keros

Maltar³

et al. 2017

Vet. arhiv

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hepatitis e (he) is an emerging public health problem in developed countries worldwide. Nowadays, it is known that the hepatitis e virus (heV) has zoonotic potential, whereas domestic pigs and wild boars are recognized as the true reservoirs of the disease. Therefore, the aim of our study was to define the seroprevalence and viral persistence of heV in pigs and wild boars in Croatia. In total, 1424 samples originating from domestic pigs from 14 counties, and 1000 samples of wild boar origin, collected from 16 counties, were tested during 2016 for the presence of heV antibodies using a commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (eLISa). all positive samples, as well as samples originating from in-contact domestic pigs and wild boars, were further tested for the presence of heV rNa using a real time rt-PCr protocol, followed by a nested RT-PCR protocol as a confirmatory test. In 11 of 14 counties, 469 seropositive domestic pigs were found with an overall seroprevalence of 32.94% (95% CI 30.55-35.42), ranging from 8.33% to 60.00%, depending on .04%), ranging from 7.70% to 50.60%. The highest seroprevalence was found in the Vukovar-Srijem and Osijek-Baranja Counties (North-East Croatia) where pig breeding dominates and the highest density of wild boars is recorded. While no positive heV rNa samples were detected in tested domestic pigs, seventeen serologically positive wild boars (11.33%; 95%CI 7.19-17.14) younger than one year of age were found to be heV rNa positive, indicating chronic infection and possible prolonged virus spread into the environment. the detected viral presence despite the immune response indicates that wild boars have a key role in heV epidemiology.

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Section: Serology Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Differences in hepatitis E virus (HEV) presence in naturally infected seropositive domestic pigs and wild boars - an indication of wild boars having an important role in HEV epidemiology

Jemeršić

Keros

Maltar³

et al. 2017

Vet. arhiv

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“…In Spain the seroprevalence values among wild boars range from 26.3% to 57.4% [165–167]. Similar results were observed in Italy, (29.2% [147] and 40.7% [168]), Germany (41% [169]), Belgium (34% [170]), or Poland (44.4% [171]). Lower values have been observed among deer populations, for example, red deer (10,4% [172], 12,85% [165], 2–3.3% [173], 8% [174], and 1% [170]), roe deer (5.4–6.8% [173], 3% [170]), and moose [175].…”

Section: Hev In Animalssupporting

confidence: 53%

“…HEV strains isolated from pigs, wild boars, and deer in Europe belong to genotype 3 [146, 149, 156, 165, 166, 168, 172, 176–178], although genotype 4 strains have also been detected in pigs in Belgium and Italy [95, 179, 180]. Swine HEV isolates are usually highly related to HEV sequences isolated from humans in the same area, that is, exhibiting even more similarities with human sequences than with swine sequences isolated from different regions [156, 157, 181].…”

Section: Hev In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E Virus in Industrialized Countries: The Silent Threat

Clemente-Casares

Ramos-Romero

Ramirez-Gonzalez

et al. 2016

BioMed Research International

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the main cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Its presence in developing countries has been documented for decades. Developed countries were supposed to be virus-free and initially only imported cases were detected in those areas. However, sporadic and autochthonous cases of HEV infection have been identified and studies reveal that the virus is worldwide spread. Chronic hepatitis and multiple extrahepatic manifestations have also been associated with HEV. We review the data from European countries, where human, animal, and environmental data have been collected since the 90s. In Europe, autochthonous HEV strains were first detected in the late 90s and early 2000s. Since then, serological data have shown that the virus infects quite frequently the European population and that some species, such as pigs, wild boars, and deer, are reservoirs. HEV strains can be isolated from environmental samples and reach the food chain, as shown by the detection of the virus in mussels and in contaminated pork products as sausages or meat. All these data highlight the need of studies directed to control the sources of HEV to protect immunocompromised individuals that seem the weakest link of the HEV epidemiology in industrialized regions.

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“…With the expanding distribution and density of wild boars, there are increased direct and indirect contacts between wild boars and humans, which may also increase the risk of HEV transmission and may infect humans from several countries as the contaminated pig liver sausage infecting humans in both France and Italy (Colson et al., ; Di Bartolo, Angeloni, Ponterio, Ostanello, & Ruggeri, ). This route of infection is indicated by studies showing increase in the prevalence of anti‐HEV antibodies in veterinarians, farm workers with close contacts with domestic pigs, and hunters and persons working in the woods, all with extended risk of exposure to wild boars and other ungulates that may be HEV infected (Kantala et al., ; Ivanova et al., ; Montagnaro et al., ; Carpentier et al., ). There is thus a need for monitoring and controlling the wild boar populations and the HEV infections they may spread.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetically similar hepatitis E virus strains infect both humans and wild boars in the Barcelona area, Spain, and Sweden

Wang

Castillo‐Contreras

Saguti

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Summary Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a hepatotropic virus, endemic in Europe where it infects humans and animals, with domestic pigs and wild boars as main reservoirs. The number of HEV‐infected cases with unknown source of infection increases in Europe. There are human HEV strains genetically similar to viruses from domestic pigs, and zoonotic transmission via consumption of uncooked pork meat has been shown. Due to continuous growth of the wild boar populations in Europe, another route may be through direct or indirect contacts with wild boars. In the Collserola Natural Park near Barcelona, Spain, the wild boars have spread into Barcelona city. In Sweden, they are entering into farmlands and villages. To investigate the prevalence of HEV and the risk for zoonotic transmissions, the presence of antibodies against HEV and HEV RNA were analysed in serum and faecal samples from 398 wild boars, 264 from Spain and 134 from Sweden and in sera from 48 Swedish patients with HEV infection without known source of infection. Anti‐HEV was more commonly found in Spanish wild boars (59% vs. 8%; p < 0.0001) while HEV RNA had similar prevalence (20% in Spanish vs. 15% in Swedish wild boars). Seven Swedish and three Spanish wild boars were infected with subtype 3f, and nine Spanish with subtype 3c/i. There were three clades in the phylogenetic tree formed by strains from wild boars and domestic pigs; another four clades were formed by strains from humans and wild boars. One strain from a Spanish wild boar was similar to strains from chronically infected humans. The high prevalence of HEV infections among wild boars and the similarity between wild boar HEV strains and those from humans and domestic pigs indicate that zoonotic transmission from wild boar may be more common than previously anticipated, which may develop into public health concern.

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Viral and Antibody Prevalence of Hepatitis E in European Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) and Hunters at Zoonotic Risk in the Latium Region

Cited by 53 publications

References 62 publications

Differences in hepatitis E virus (HEV) presence in naturally infected seropositive domestic pigs and wild boars - an indication of wild boars having an important role in HEV epidemiology

Differences in hepatitis E virus (HEV) presence in naturally infected seropositive domestic pigs and wild boars - an indication of wild boars having an important role in HEV epidemiology

Hepatitis E Virus in Industrialized Countries: The Silent Threat

Genetically similar hepatitis E virus strains infect both humans and wild boars in the Barcelona area, Spain, and Sweden

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