Viral and nonviral delivery systems for gene delivery

Abstract

Gene therapy is the process of introducing foreign genomic materials into host cells to elicit a therapeutic benefit. Although initially the main focus of gene therapy was on special genetic disorders, now diverse diseases with different patterns of inheritance and acquired diseases are targets of gene therapy. There are 2 major categories of gene therapy, including germline gene therapy and somatic gene therapy. Although germline gene therapy may have great potential, because it is currently ethically forbidden, it cannot be used; however, to date human gene therapy has been limited to somatic cells. Although numerous viral and nonviral gene delivery systems have been developed in the last 3 decades, no delivery system has been designed that can be applied in gene therapy of all kinds of cell types in vitro and in vivo with no limitation and side effects. In this review we explain about the history of gene therapy, all types of gene delivery systems for germline (nuclei, egg cells, embryonic stem cells, pronuclear, microinjection, sperm cells) and somatic cells by viral [retroviral, adenoviral, adeno association, helper-dependent adenoviral systems, hybrid adenoviral systems, herpes simplex, pox virus, lentivirus, Epstein–Barr virus)] and nonviral systems (physical: Naked DNA, DNA bombardant, electroporation, hydrodynamic, ultrasound, magnetofection) and (chemical: Cationic lipids, different cationic polymers, lipid polymers). In addition to the above-mentioned, advantages, disadvantages, and practical use of each system are discussed.

Polyethylenimine-based nanocarriers in co-delivery of drug and gene: a developing horizon

“…In general, the gene delivery systems are classified into viral and non-viral systems. Non-viral systems include (physical: naked DNA, DNA bombardment, electroporation, sonoporation, hydrodynamic, ultrasound, magnetofection, gene gun) and (chemical: cationic lipids, different cationic polymers, cligonucleotides, dendrimers, lipid polymers, inorganic nanoparticles, cell-penetrating peptides) and viral systems include retroviral, adenoviral, adeno association, helper-dependent adenoviral systems, hybrid adenoviral systems, herpes simplex virus, pox virus, lentivirus, epstein-barr virus, cis and trans-acting elements, replication-competent vectors, envelope protein pseudotyping of viral vectors [3,4]. Non-viral vector systems, based on cationic lipids, dendrimers, polymers and peptides have recently been favorable for gene delivery [5], because they are much safer than viral systems that are exposed to immunogenic or inflammatory responses.…”

Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of extracellular vesicles

“…On the other hand, care should be taken that this intrinsic complexity does not impede the translatability of EVs into a viable pharmaceutical product [107]. targeting to extrahepatic tissues and fail to merge (intracellular) drug delivery efficacy with biocompatibility [108]. Since the identification of EVs as nature's own intercellular communication tools, it is hypothesized that their Darwinian optimization could outperform conventional synthetic nanomedicines [109].…”

Anticancer Gene Transfer for Cancer Gene Therapy

“…Both ways have advantages and disadvantages and the majority are developed specifically for a narrow application system. Briefly non-viral gene delivery can be achieved with physical methods which include naked DNA, gene gun particle bombardment, electroporation, ultrasound, magnetofection and the highly efficient in rodents (so far) hydrodynamic (Nayerossadat et al, 2012). Generally while the non-viral physical methods are cost effective and less invasive than a viral approach the efficiency of delivery is extremely low and so far there only few examples of clinical use of these methods.…”

“…So far the third generation of HSV oncolytics is being developed to improve specificity, tropism and safety. To accomplish that scientists are identifying non-essential genes and delete (alpha47 gene -to create the HSV-G47delta 3 rd generation) (Chou et al, 1990;Todo et al, 2001) them in order to induce further an immune response to attack the tumor and better cytotoxic effects (Nayerossadat et al, 2012). Epstein-Bar viruses (EBVs) are a class of herpes viruses that retain some of the attractive characteristics of the HSVs.…”