Viral, bacterial, and fungal contamination of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs)

Górny, Rafał L.; Stobnicka-Kupiec, Agata; Gołofit-Szymczak, Małgorzata; Cyprowski, Marcin; Ławniczek-Wałczyk, Anna

doi:10.26444/aaem/152838

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In the hygienic assessment of poultry house workplaces and outdoor air surrounding the studied poultry farm, the elaborated TLVs, based on volumetric sampling methods proposed by the Expert Group on Biological Agents at the Polish Interdepartmental Commission for Maximum Admissible Concentrations and Intensities for Agents Harmful to Health in the Working Environment, was used (Tab. 1) [52,53]. Comparison of bioaerosol concentrations with these hygienic standards showed that bacterial (including mesophilic and Gram-negative species) and fungal levels in the air measured at certain points in the production cycle (e.g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poultry house as point source of intense bioaerosol emission

Górny,

Gołofit-Szymczak,

Cyprowski

et al. 2023

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Introduction and Objective.Intensive poultry farming is usually associated with massive exposure to organic dust, which is largely composed of microbiological origin particulates. The aim of the study is to assess occupational and environmental exposures to airborne bacteria, fungi, and Marek's disease virus emitted by a poultry house. Materials and method. The concentrations of airborne microorganisms in a poultry house and its vicinity (250-500 m) at 3 different stages of the production cycle (i.e. empty poultry house, with 7-day-old and 42-day-old chickens) were stationary measured using Andersen and MAS impactors, as well as Coriolis and BioSampler impingers. The collected microbiota was taxonomically identified using molecular and biochemical techniques to characterize occupational exposure and its spatial dissemination.Results. Although Marek's disease virus was not present in the tested air samples, the appearance of reared chickens in the poultry house resulted in an increase in airborne bacterial and fungal concentrations up to levels of 1.26 × 10 8 CFU/m 3 and 3.77 × 10 4 CFU/m 3 , respectively. These pollutants spread around through the ventilation system, but their concentrations significantly decreased at a distance of 500 m from the chicken coop. A part of the identified microbiota was pathogens that were successfully isolated from the air by all 4 tested samplers. Conclusions. The poultry house employees were exposed to high concentrations of airborne microorganisms, including pathogens that may lead to adverse health outcomes. To protect them, highly efficient hygienic and technical measures regarding the poultry house interior and its ventilation, respectively, should be introduced to prevent both unwanted pollution and subsequent emission of microbial contaminants during intensive chicken breeding.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poultry house as point source of intense bioaerosol emission

Górny,

Gołofit-Szymczak,

Cyprowski

et al. 2023

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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“…Among the bacteria, the following species were identified: Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus auricularis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus warneri, Arthrobacter crystallopoietes, Arthrobacter woluwensis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus firmus, Microbacterium liguefaciens, Pseudomonas lundensis, as well as actinomycetes of the genera: Actinomyces, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, and Streptomyces. Thus, it should be considered that typical air microflora were found in the studied samples [62,63].…”

Section: Dust Concentration Analysis and Microbiological Analysis Of ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal-Mass and Microbiological Analysis of Forced Air Flow through the Stone Heat Accumulator Bed

Kurpaska,

Wolny-Koładka,

Malinowski

et al. 2023

Energies

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Heat storage in systems integrated with renewable energy sources in facilities can reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, cut maintenance costs, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions from buildings and other objects. One of the possible solutions is the use of a stone heat accumulator for short-term heat storage and the use of this deposit in the ventilation process of the facility. During short-term air flow through the porous material from which an accumulator bed is made, there is an exchange of heat and mass between the flowing air and the bed particles. In the long term, the use of an accumulator can lead to an increase in dust and the development of pathogenic microorganisms, endangering human life and health. Therefore, understanding the factors influencing the efficient use of a stone deposit is very important. The aim of this study is to calculate the changes in thermal-mass parameters in the air flowing out of the stone accumulator and to assess the effect of long-term stone accumulator use on the content of microorganisms and dust concentration in bioaerosol. The application of the heat storage system in the stone bed leads to the formation of strictly controlled microclimatic conditions, and the tested air does not constitute a threat to the people staying in the object. The concentration standards of PM10 and PM2.5 exceeded the limit values (PM2.5 = 20 μg∙m−3 and PM10 = 40 μg∙m−3), and, thus, the air in the studied greenhouse was classified as polluted. The analysis also showed that, for the analyzed conditions, a 20% increase in the initial temperature of the accumulator bed results in a nearly 20% increase in the outlet air temperature.

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“…Material factors include hydroscopy, smoothness, roughness, composition, etc. [ 44 , 49 , 55 ]. Lee et al [ 5 ] studied the release of different fungal particles from different flood-damaged building materials in vitro: linoleum, rugs, carpets and pillows.…”

Section: Aerosolization Of Moulds Particles From Contamination Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Contamination of Building Materials and the Aerosolization of Particles and Toxins in Indoor Air and Their Associated Risks to Health: A Review

Hallak

Verdier

Bertron

et al. 2023

Toxins

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It is now well established that biological pollution is a major cause of the degradation of indoor air quality. It has been shown that microbial communities from the outdoors may significantly impact the communities detected indoors. One can reasonably assume that the fungal contamination of the surfaces of building materials and their release into indoor air may also significantly impact indoor air quality. Fungi are well known as common contaminants of the indoor environment with the ability to grow on many types of building materials and to subsequently release biological particles into the indoor air. The aerosolization of allergenic compounds or mycotoxins borne by fungal particles or vehiculated by dust may have a direct impact on the occupant’s health. However, to date, very few studies have investigated such an impact. The present paper reviewed the available data on indoor fungal contamination in different types of buildings with the aim of highlighting the direct connections between the growth on indoor building materials and the degradation of indoor air quality through the aerosolization of mycotoxins. Some studies showed that average airborne fungal spore concentrations were higher in buildings where mould was a contaminant than in normal buildings and that there was a strong association between fungal contamination and health problems for occupants. In addition, the most frequent fungal species on surfaces are also those most commonly identified in indoor air, regardless the geographical location in Europe or the USA. Some fungal species contaminating the indoors may be dangerous for human health as they produce mycotoxins. These contaminants, when aerosolized with fungal particles, can be inhaled and may endanger human health. However, it appears that more work is needed to characterize the direct impact of surface contamination on the airborne fungal particle concentration. In addition, fungal species growing in buildings and their known mycotoxins are different from those contaminating foods. This is why further in situ studies to identify fungal contaminants at the species level and to quantify their average concentration on both surfaces and in the air are needed to be better predict health risks due to mycotoxin aerosolization.

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Viral, bacterial, and fungal contamination of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs)

Cited by 8 publications

References 46 publications

Poultry house as point source of intense bioaerosol emission

Poultry house as point source of intense bioaerosol emission

Thermal-Mass and Microbiological Analysis of Forced Air Flow through the Stone Heat Accumulator Bed

Fungal Contamination of Building Materials and the Aerosolization of Particles and Toxins in Indoor Air and Their Associated Risks to Health: A Review

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