Viral contamination of aerosol and surfaces through toilet use in health care and other settings

Verani, Marco; Bigazzi, Roberto; Carducci, Annalaura

doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2014.03.026

Cited by 96 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Enteric bacteria and viruses have been recovered from indoor air and environmental surfaces in areas sur-rounding toilets. 18,36,37 We reported that aerosolized simian rotavirus SA-11 38 survived best at midrange RH. 39,40 These results contradicted a prior study by Moe and Harper,41 in which the UK strain of calf rotavirus was reported to survive best at low and high RH, but not at high temperature.…”

Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Generic aspects of the airborne spread of human pathogens indoors and emerging air decontamination technologies

Ijaz

Zargar

Wright

et al. 2016

American Journal of Infection Control

106

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Indoor air can be an important vehicle for a variety of human pathogens. This review provides examples of airborne transmission of infectious agents from experimental and field studies and discusses how airborne pathogens can contaminate other parts of the environment to give rise to secondary vehicles leading air-surface-air nexus with possible transmission to susceptible hosts. The following groups of human pathogens are covered because of their known or potential airborne spread: vegetative bacteria (staphylococci and legionellae), fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Cladosporium spp and Stachybotrys chartarum), enteric viruses (noro- and rotaviruses), respiratory viruses (influenza and coronaviruses), mycobacteria (tuberculous and nontuberculous), and bacterial spore formers (Clostridium difficile and Bacillus anthracis). An overview of methods for experimentally generating and recovering airborne human pathogens is included, along with a discussion of factors that influence microbial survival in indoor air. Available guidelines from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and other global regulatory bodies for the study of airborne pathogens are critically reviewed with particular reference to microbial surrogates that are recommended. Recent developments in experimental facilities to contaminate indoor air with microbial aerosols are presented, along with emerging technologies to decontaminate indoor air under field-relevant conditions. Furthermore, the role that air decontamination may play in reducing the contamination of environmental surfaces and its combined impact on interrupting the risk of pathogen spread in both domestic and institutional settings is discussed.

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Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Generic aspects of the airborne spread of human pathogens indoors and emerging air decontamination technologies

Ijaz

Zargar

Wright

et al. 2016

American Journal of Infection Control

106

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“…50,51 Air sampling for norovirus, to our knowledge, has not identified norovirus but was confined to settings without known norovirus infections. 72,73 The presence of norovirus on Copyright © 2015 American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.…”

Section: Norovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol Transmission of Infectious Disease

Jones

Brosseau

2015

Journal of Occupational &Amp; Environmental Medicine

352

299

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“…Nosocomial transmission of respiratory viruses occurs and is a consideration when implementing policies around cohorting of patients with CF. An Italian study tested hospital air and environmental surfaces of toilets for RV, and it was not detected, however, previous studies have identified influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in samples of hospital air and surfaces …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Association of rhinovirus with exacerbations in young children affected by cystic fibrosis: Preliminary data

Stelzer-Braid

Liu

Doumit

et al. 2017

Journal of Medical Virology

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Rhinovirus (RV) is a common respiratory viral infection linked to worsening of chronic respiratory diseases including cystic fibrosis (CF) and asthma. RV was tested by RT-PCR in samples (n = 465) collected from the upper (nasal swab, oropharyngeal suction, and sputum) and lower (bronchoalveolar washings) respiratory tract of 110 children with CF. Air samples (n = 52) collected from the operating theatres and outpatient clinics were tested for RV. RV was found in 43% of children <5 years suffering an exacerbation, and 12% of older children (5-17 years). RV particles were detected in the air of clinic rooms. Detection of RV is important in better understanding viral infections in patients with CF.

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Viral contamination of aerosol and surfaces through toilet use in health care and other settings

Abstract: The data collected in our study confirm that toilets are an important source of viral contamination, mainly in health care settings, where disinfection can have a crucial role in preventing virus spread.

Cited by 96 publications

References 24 publications

Generic aspects of the airborne spread of human pathogens indoors and emerging air decontamination technologies

Generic aspects of the airborne spread of human pathogens indoors and emerging air decontamination technologies

Aerosol Transmission of Infectious Disease

Association of rhinovirus with exacerbations in young children affected by cystic fibrosis: Preliminary data

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