Viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract

Goodgame, Richard

doi:10.1007/s11894-999-0112-5

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…As for exceptional virus detection, HSV-1 could chronically affect the GI tract in immunocompromised hosts without severe symptoms, as observed in patients in the present study [23]. ParvoB12 detection in the GI tract has not been reported.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 42%

Analysis of gastrointestinal virus infection in immunocompromised hosts by multiplex virus PCR assay

et al. 2018

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Regarding viral infection of intestinal mucosa, there have been only a few studies on limited diseases, targeting a few herpes family viruses. In this study, we analyzed 12 kinds of DNA viruses including 8 species of herpes family viruses in the gastrointestinal mucosa of patients with hematologic malignancies, inflammatory bowel diseases, collagen diseases, or other miscellaneous forms of gastroenteritis using the multiplex virus PCR assay, which we recently developed. The virus PCR assay yielded positive results in 63 of 102 patients; Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the most frequently detected, followed by cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), HHV-7, parvovirus B19, and herpes simplex virus type 1. The frequencies of viral detection in the 4 diseases were similar involving these 6 viruses. Regarding CMV colitis, the multiplex virus PCR assay was superior to the immunohistopathologic method in detecting CMV. All viruses were more efficiently detected in the mucosa than in the blood in individual patients. These results suggest that CMV, EBV, and HHV-6 were commonly detected in the gastrointestinal mucosa of patients with these 4 diseases, and our multiplex virus PCR assay was useful for the early diagnosis of gastrointestinal virus infection, especially CMV colitis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 42%

Analysis of gastrointestinal virus infection in immunocompromised hosts by multiplex virus PCR assay

et al. 2018

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“…For example, the glutamate metabolism (pathway enrichment score 1.28, LIC and 2.11 serum) ( Figure 2B ), works through the central and enteric nervous systems to modulate gut motility, intestinal fluid balance, and inflammation (Kondoh et al, 2009; Li et al, 2012; Auteri et al, 2015). In addition, endocannabinoid metabolism, (score 0.92 LIC and 3.16 serum) works locally in the intestinal lumen to improve barrier function, modulate motility, and improve mucosal integrity and systemically to influence immune-mediated inflammatory responses and central nervous system functioning that could ultimately influence the course of diarrheal diseases in the gastrointestinal tract (Goodgame, 1999; Lee et al, 2016; Gertsch, 2017). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rice Bran and Probiotics Alter the Porcine Large Intestine and Serum Metabolomes for Protection against Human Rotavirus Diarrhea

et al. 2017

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Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of severe childhood diarrhea, and there is limited vaccine efficacy in the developing world. Neonatal gnotobiotic pigs consuming a prophylactic synbiotic combination of probiotics and rice bran (Pro+RB) did not exhibit HRV diarrhea after challenge. Multiple immune, gut barrier protective, and anti-diarrheal mechanisms contributed to the prophylactic efficacy of Pro+RB when compared to probiotics (Pro) alone. In order to understand the molecular signature associated with diarrheal protection by Pro+RB, a global non-targeted metabolomics approach was applied to investigate the large intestinal contents and serum of neonatal gnotobiotic pigs. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry platform revealed significantly different metabolites (293 in LIC and 84 in serum) in the pigs fed Pro+RB compared to Pro, and many of these metabolites were lipids and amino acid/peptides. Lipid metabolites included 2-oleoylglycerol (increased 293.40-fold in LIC of Pro+RB, p = 3.04E-10), which can modulate gastric emptying, andhyodeoxycholate (decreased 0.054-fold in the LIC of Pro+RB, p = 0.0040) that can increase colonic mucus production to improve intestinal barrier function. Amino acid metabolites included cysteine (decreased 0.40-fold in LIC, p = 0.033, and 0.62-fold in serum, p = 0.014 of Pro+RB), which has been found to reduce inflammation, lower oxidative stress and modulate mucosal immunity, and histamine (decreased 0.18-fold in LIC, p = 0.00030, of Pro+RB and 1.57-fold in serum, p = 0.043), which modulates local and systemic inflammatory responses as well as influences the enteric nervous system. Alterations to entire LIC and serum metabolic pathways further contributed to the anti-diarrheal and anti-viral activities of Pro+RB such as sphingolipid, mono/diacylglycerol, fatty acid, secondary bile acid, and polyamine metabolism. Sphingolipid and long chain fatty acid profiles influenced the ability of HRV to both infect and replicate within cells, suggesting that Pro+RB created a protective lipid profile that interferes with HRV activity. Polyamines act on enterocyte calcium-sensing receptors to modulate intracellular calcium levels, and may directly interfere with rotavirus replication. These results support that multiple host and probiotic metabolic networks, notably those involving lipid and amino acid/peptide metabolism, are important mechanisms through which Pro+RB protected against HRV diarrhea in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs.

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“…5 Cytomegalovirus and herpes virus (CMV or HH5 and HHV6-7; family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesviridae) can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea or colitis with profuse hematochezia and bowel perforation. 62 Most people who are infected with a non-polio enterovirus (EV; family Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus) have no disease, but all EV may cause diarrhea. 63 Human EV 68 (EV-D68) is a historically rarely reported virus linked with respiratory disease.…”

Section: Neonatal Infection Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis

Ciccarelli¹,

Stolfi²,

Caramia³

2013

IDR

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Acute gastroenteritis, characterized by the onset of diarrhea with or without vomiting, continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in mostly resource-constrained nations. Although generally a mild and self-limiting disease, gastroenteritis is one of the most common causes of hospitalization and is associated with a substantial disease burden. Worldwide, up to 40% of children aged less than 5 years with diarrhea are hospitalized with rotavirus. Also, some microorganisms have been found predominantly in resource-constrained nations, including Shigella spp, Vibrio cholerae, and the protozoan infections. Prevention remains essential, and the rotavirus vaccines have demonstrated good safety and efficacy profiles in large clinical trials. Because dehydration is the major complication associated with gastroenteritis, appropriate fluid management (oral or intravenous) is an effective and safe strategy for rehydration. Continuation of breastfeeding is strongly recommended. New treatments such as antiemetics (ondansetron), some antidiarrheal agents (racecadotril), and chemotherapeutic agents are often proposed, but not yet universally recommended. Probiotics, also known as “food supplement,” seem to improve intestinal microbial balance, reducing the duration and the severity of acute infectious diarrhea. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the European Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases guidelines make a stronger recommendation for the use of probiotics for the management of acute gastroenteritis, particularly those with documented efficacy such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Saccharomyces boulardii. To date, the management of acute gastroenteritis has been based on the option of “doing the least”: oral rehydration-solution administration, early refeeding, no testing, no unnecessary drugs.

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Viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract

Cited by 20 publications

References 56 publications

Analysis of gastrointestinal virus infection in immunocompromised hosts by multiplex virus PCR assay

Analysis of gastrointestinal virus infection in immunocompromised hosts by multiplex virus PCR assay

Rice Bran and Probiotics Alter the Porcine Large Intestine and Serum Metabolomes for Protection against Human Rotavirus Diarrhea

Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis

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