Viral Retinitis: Diagnosis and Management Update

Dhami, Abhinav; Malhi, Ravinder Kaur

doi:10.5772/intechopen.82070

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Genetically diverse groups of viruses having DNA or RNA as their genome can infect eyes and cause different ocular diseases. Viruses may enter the eye by direct contact or via haematogenous or neuronal spread (1), leading to viral infections like blepharitis (2), conjunctivitis (3), keratitis (4), uveitis (5), cataract (6), and retinitis (7). Common ocular viral pathogens include Herpes viruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), herpes zoster virus (HZV)/varicella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus, adenovirus, and vaccinia, which cause epithelial or stromal keratitis, conjunctivitis, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraocular Viral Communities Associated With Post-fever Retinitis

et al. 2021

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The virome of ocular fluids is naive. The results of this study highlight the virome in the vitreous fluid of the eye of individuals without any ocular infection and compare it with the virome of the vitreous fluid of individuals with retinitis. A total of 1,016,037 viral reads were generated from 25 vitreous fluid samples comprising control and post-fever retinitis (PFR) samples. The top 10 viral families in the vitreous fluids comprised of Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Herpesviridae, Poxviridae, Iridoviridae, Podoviridae, Retroviridae, Baculoviridae, and Flaviviridae. Principal coordinate analysis and heat map analysis clearly discriminated the virome of the vitreous fluid of the controls from that of the PFR virome. The abundance of 10 viral genera increased significantly in the vitreous fluid virome of the post-fever retinitis group compared with the control group. Genus Lymphocryptovirus, comprising the human pathogen Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is also implicated in ocular infections was significantly abundant in eight out of the nine vitreous fluid viromes of post-fever retinitis group samples compared with the control viromes. Human viruses, such as Hepacivirus, Circovirus, and Kobuvirus, were also significantly increased in abundance in the vitreous fluid viromes of post-fever retinitis group samples compared with the control viromes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional analysis and the network analysis depicted an increase in the immune response by the host in the post-fever retinitis group compared with the control group. All together, the results of the study indicate changes in the virome in the vitreous fluid of patients with the post-fever retinitis group compared to the control group.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraocular Viral Communities Associated With Post-fever Retinitis

et al. 2021

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“…Viral retinitis can present early on as anterior uveitis, retinal arteritis, a hyperaemic optic disc, inflammatory vitreous opacities and elevated intraocular pressures with clinical progression to retinal detachment, optic atrophy, and retinal vascular occlusion. 30 HIV-infected individuals at lower CD4 counts are at greater risk of viral infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, HSV and varicella zoster virus (VZV).…”

Section: Differential Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

A case and literature review of intraocular echinococcus causing bilateral visual loss in a HIV-infected patient

Konar¹,

Pillay

2022

SAGE Open Medical Case Reports

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Although echinococcosis is a common parasitic disease endemic to Africa, ocular echinococcosis is rare. We present a case of intraocular echinococcosis in a HIV-infected patient. A 38-year-old South African HIV-infected woman presented to a district-level hospital in Kwa-Zulu Natal on 10 March 2020. Her main presenting complaint was that of progressive, painless, bilateral visual loss. A B-ultrasonography scan revealed tractional retinal detachment on the right eye, while the left eye had tractional bands with a ‘double-walled’ cystic cavity causing retinal traction. A systemic work-up revealed a positive Echinococcus ELISA IgG with a value of 1.3, eosinophilia of 5.70% (0.41 × 109), and elevated C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 47 mg/L and 93 mm/hr, respectively. Based on the above clinical, biochemical and ultrasonographical evidence, a diagnosis of ocular echinococcosis was made. Our differential diagnosis includes toxic optic neuropathy, Jarisch-Herxheimer-like reaction secondary to immune reconstitution and necrotizing herpetic retinitis. She was initiated on topical and intravitreal steroids which led to decreased intraocular inflammation and dry maculae. Five months after presentation, her visual acuity remained unchanged with no light perception in both eyes. We conclude that ocular echinococcosis, although rare, can lead to severe visual impairment as there are no known definite treatment modalities for intraocular hydatid disease. Reports on co-infections with HIV and Echinococcus are limited with a potential scope for research.

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Viral Retinitis: Diagnosis and Management Update

Cited by 5 publications

References 38 publications

Intraocular Viral Communities Associated With Post-fever Retinitis

Intraocular Viral Communities Associated With Post-fever Retinitis

A case and literature review of intraocular echinococcus causing bilateral visual loss in a HIV-infected patient

Image_1.TIF

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