Viral vectors and extracellular vesicles: innate delivery systems utilized in CRISPR/Cas-mediated cancer therapy

Recent progress on the CRISPR/Cas system in optical biosensors

“…The commonly used techniques for introducing CRISPR/Cas into cells include electroporation, transfection, and direct injection but many of these methods are not applicable in practice. 204 Recent studies have shown that viral vectors and extracellular vesicles (EVs) can deliver CRISPR/Cas for cancer therapy 205 and as mentioned above, MnO 2 nanostructures can also be used as carriers to transport Cas system complexes into living cells. 106 The prospects of CRISPR/Cas in vivo therapy are closely related to the diversity and stability of the carrier system.…”

CRISPR/Cas gene editing and delivery systems for cancer therapy

“…Based on the size and biogenesis, there are three types of EVs: exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic vesicles (Jeppesen et al, 2023; Rädler et al, 2023; Szatanek et al, 2017). Among them, exosomes endow relatively higher theoretical and application value due to the better particle size distribution, diversity of function, and complex composition, which lead to the widespread utilizations of exosomes in CRISPR systems delivery field (Ahmadi et al, 2023; Raposo & Stoorvogel, 2013). Because exosomes endow some properties similar to their source, we can select the source cells according to different purposes.…”

Sniping Cancer Stem Cells with Nanomaterials

“…The CRISPR-Cas9 system holds the potential for precise identification of alterations within cancer-specific sequences, and the utilization of nanodelivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9 offers an ingenious way for cancer therapeutics . Zhou et al developed a nanocomplex for proficiently delivering CRISPR/Cas9 to brain tumors .…”

“…223−226 The CRISPR-Cas9 system holds the potential for precise identification of alterations within cancer-specific sequences, and the utilization of nanodelivery systems for CRISPR/Cas9 offers an ingenious way for cancer therapeutics. 227 Zhou et al developed a nanocomplex for proficiently delivering CRISPR/ Cas9 to brain tumors. 228 This nanocomplex incorporates liposome-templated hydrogel nanoparticles (LHNPs) as its core structure, housing ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes of Cas9 protein and sgRNAs targeting either ZNF117 or GFP, and was modified with iRGD and Lexiscan to enhance its targeting properties (Figure 4D).…”