Viral Virulence Protein Suppresses RNA Silencing–Mediated Defense but Upregulates the Role of MicroRNA in Host Gene Expression[W]

Chen, Jun; Li, Wan Xiang; Xie, Daoxin; Peng, Jinrong; Ding, Shou‐Wei

doi:10.1105/tpc.018986

Cited by 232 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), p19, p21, and p69, are unrelated viral suppressors of gene silencing, and they play important roles in the virus response to plant antiviral silencing response (Plisson et al, 2003;Chapman et al, 2004). Several investigations demonstrated that several miRNAs are related the activity of these viral suppressors (Kasschau et al, 2003;Chapman et al, 2004;Chen et al, 2004;Llave, 2004). HC-Pro inhibited the expression level and activity of miR171, and caused miR171-related developmental deficiency (Kasschau et al, 2003).…”

Section: Functions Of Micrornas In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroRNAs and their regulatory roles in animals and plants

Zhang

Wang

Pan

2006

Journal Cellular Physiology

493

307

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microRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of newly identified endogenous non-protein-coding small RNAs. They exist in animals, plants, and viruses, and play an important role in gene silencing. Translational repression, mRNA cleavage, and mRNA decay initiated by miRNA-directed deadenylation of targeted mRNAs are three mechanisms of miRNA-guided gene regulation at the posttranscriptional levels. Many miRNAs are highly conserved in animals and plants, suggesting that they play an essential function in plants and animals. Lots of investigations indicate that miRNAs are involved in multiple biological processes, including stem cell differentiation, organ development, phase change, signaling, disease, cancer, and response to biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. This review provides a general background and current advance on the discovery, history, biogenesis, genomics, mechanisms, and functions of miRNAs.

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Section: Functions Of Micrornas In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroRNAs and their regulatory roles in animals and plants

Zhang

Wang

Pan

2006

Journal Cellular Physiology

493

307

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“…Arabidopsis expressing the HCRSV CP transgene shows developmental defects resembling those of mutant lines rdr6-11 and dcl4-2 Many gene-silencing suppressors have been implicated in abnormal plant development by interfering with the miRNA/siRNA pathways (Chapman et al, 2004;Chen et al, 2004;Dunoyer et al, 2004;Zhang et al, 2006). To test whether the carmovirus HCRSV CP would affect normal plant development, lines CP6 and DCP20 were used for phenotypic analysis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crossings between CP or DCP and L1, A or G6A lines were carried out as described previously (Chen et al, 2004). After crossing, the introduced sequences and the effects of CP and DCP on the accumulation of transgene and amplicon-specific mRNA and siRNAs were detected by Northern blotting.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Chapman et al, 2004;Chen et al, 2004;Dunoyer et al, 2004). Transgenic Arabidopsis containing tobacco etch virus HC-Pro, turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) p69, beet yellows virus p21 and tomato bushy stunt virus p19 proteins displayed differential leaf and rosette development, and obvious flower phenotypes and infertility were also observed (Chapman et al, 2004;Chen et al, 2004). Some of these proteins, such as HC-Pro and p69, affect the level of key gene-silencing components such as DCL1 in the transgenic plants, which leads to the extensive deviation of a number of miRNAs (Mallory et al, 2002;Xie et al, 2003;Chen et al, 2004;Dunoyer et al, 2004 et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus coat protein inhibits trans-acting small interfering RNA biogenesis in Arabidopsis

Meng

Chen

Ding

et al. 2008

Journal of General Virology

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Many plant and animal viruses have evolved suppressor proteins to block host RNA silencing at various stages of the RNA silencing pathways. Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRSV) coat protein (CP) is capable of suppressing the transiently expressed sense-RNA-induced posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Here, constitutively expressed HCRSV CP from transgenic Arabidopsis was found to be able to rescue expression of the silenced GUS transgene. The HCRSV CP-transgenic Arabidopsis (line CP6) displayed several developmental abnormalities: elongated, downwardly curled leaves and a lack of coordination between stamen and carpel, resulting in reduced seed set. These abnormalities are similar to those observed in mutations of the genes of Arabidopsis RNA-dependent polymerase 6 (rdr6), suppressor of gene silencing 3 (sgs3), ZIPPY (zip) and dicer-like 4 (dcl4). The accumulation of microRNA (miRNA) miR173 remained stable; however, the downstream trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA) siR255 was greatly reduced. Real-time PCR analysis showed that expression of the ta-siRNA-targeted At4g29770, At5g18040, PPR and ARF3 genes increased significantly, especially in the inflorescences. Genetic crossing of CP6 with an amplicon-silenced line (containing a potato virus X-green fluorescent protein transgene under the control of the 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter) suggested that HCRSV CP probably interfered with gene silencing at a step after RDR6. The reduced accumulation of ta-siRNA might result from the interference of HCRSV CP with Dicer-like protein(s), responsible for the generation of dsRNA in ta-siRNA biogenesis. INTRODUCTIONSmall-RNA-mediated silencing pathways play important roles in a variety of processes, including defence against viruses. Viruses in turn evolve mechanisms to interfere with the host silencing responses for successful infection, which usually results in differential developmental defects. The molecular basis of gene-silencing-related abnormal development is mediated by a group of small RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (Bartel, 2004;Baulcombe, 2004; JonesRhoades et al., 2006). The miRNAs are a class of small RNAs similar to siRNAs that are key components of the complex networks of gene regulatory pathways. As most plant miRNAs contain near-perfect complementarities with target sequences, they are thought to function like siRNAs in guiding target RNA for cleavage (Rhoades et al., 2002). In Arabidopsis thaliana, there are four Dicer-like proteins (DCLs) that are responsible for the production of miRNAs and siRNAs of different sizes. All four DCLs act in combination to help mediate plant responses to diverse viral infections (Blevins et al., 2006;Deleris et al., 2006).The plant miRNAs target a series of genes/gene families that are important for normal plant development (Kidner & Martienssen, 2005). Interference in miRNA biogenesis or miRNA-target interactions lead to developmental abnormalities (Bartel & Bartel, 2003;Dugas & Ba...

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RNA Silencing and its Suppressors in the Plant‐virus Interplay

Vallí

López‐Moya

Garcı́a

2009

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that need to evade the host defences targeted against them. In plants, activation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) silencing is among the most powerful responses against viruses. To overcome this defence, both deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and RNA plant viruses make use of viral products able to interfere with silencing mechanisms, and known collectively as RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs). RSSs present an extraordinary diversity in modes of action, and therefore, their study is providing valuable information about the different silencing pathways in plants. This article reviews our knowledge on RSSs, including the experimental systems used to identify them, and the mechanisms by which they act. Finally, the additional effects that they cause in the network of silencing pathways, and hence the need of a tight control of their activity, are also considered. Key concepts: Argonaute: Family of proteins that contain certain conserved domains, such as PIWI domain (found in Piwi, or P‐element‐induced wimpy testis in Drosophila , and related proteins) and PAZ domain (found in Piwi, Argonaute and Zwille proteins). Proteins of this family are the main components of RNA silencing effector complexes. Dicer: Ribonuclease belonging to the RNase III family. Dicer‐like enzymes cleave hairpin or double‐strand RNA molecules into short RNA duplexes of 20–24 nucleotides with a 2‐nucleotides overhang at the 3′ ends, which are key components of the RNA silencing pathways. microRNA (miRNA): Endogenous single‐strand RNA of 20–21 nucleotides, which derives from a hairpin precursor. miRNAs are incorporated into RISC, guiding it, by base complementary, to silence endogenous mRNAs. RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP, RDR): Enzyme able to synthesize RNA using RNA as template. These enzymes are involved in amplification steps of RNA silencing. RNA‐induced silencing complex (RISC): Multicomponent complex including an Argonaute protein and a short RNA. RISC can silence mRNAs by endonucleolytic cleavage, decay acceleration and translation inhibition. RNA‐induced transcriptional silencing complex (RITS): Multicomponent complex including an Argonaute protein and a short RNA that silence gene expression by inhibiting or downregulating the transcription activity. RNA silencing: General term used to describe different events triggered by small RNAs to induce transcriptional or posttranscriptional gene downregulation in a sequence‐homology manner. RNA silencing suppressor (RSS): Factor (usually a protein) with the capacity to interfere with the onset of RNA silencing or with its maintenance. The expression of viral RSSs is the most common strategy that plant viruses use to escape from RNA silencing. Short interfering RNA (siRNA): Small RNA of 20–24 nucleotides derived from Dicer‐mediated cleavage of a double‐stranded RNA precursor. One of the strands of the siRNA is incorporated in RISC or RITS to guide their RNA silencing effector activities.

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Viral Virulence Protein Suppresses RNA Silencing–Mediated Defense but Upregulates the Role of MicroRNA in Host Gene Expression[W]

Cited by 232 publications

References 64 publications

MicroRNAs and their regulatory roles in animals and plants

MicroRNAs and their regulatory roles in animals and plants

Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus coat protein inhibits trans-acting small interfering RNA biogenesis in Arabidopsis

RNA Silencing and its Suppressors in the Plant‐virus Interplay

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