“…R5 variants predominate during acute and early infection and generally persist throughout the entire course of HIV-1 infection (Berger, Murphy, and Farber, 1999). In contrast, CXCR4-using variants (dual and, to a lesser extent, X4 viruses) are detected infrequently in recent infections (Eshleman et al, 2007; Huang et al, 2009; Markowitz et al, 2005; Masquelier et al, 2007), but gradually increase in prevalence as chronic infection ensues (Berger, Murphy, and Farber, 1999; Connor et al, 1997; Melby et al, 2006; Schuitemaker et al, 1992; Wilkin et al, 2007). Generally, CXCR4-using variants are found in approximately 20% of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment-naïve individuals, characterized by higher CD4+ T-cell counts (Brumme et al, 2005; Moyle et al, 2005), and approximately 50% of highly treatment-experienced patients, characterized by low CD4+ T-cell counts (Coakley et al, 2006; Demarest et al, 2004; Hunt et al, 2006; Melby et al, 2006; Wilkin et al, 2007).…”