Endoscopic surgery became an important branch of surgery through processes new to the surgical community. In the learning process of new procedures and their implications, important factors were overlooked or taken for granted, mostly because they seemed intuitively very similar to the way we used to function prior to the minimal access era. However, we are gradually learning that this is not the case. Using long, limited instruments does affect our performance. Furthermore, the way we perceive reality, i.e., the fact that we use video cameras and monitors, affects our perception and performance greatly.In a seminal work [10] it has been demonstrated that severe errors made during laparoscopic procedures are not merely technical ones but rather reflect a critical misinterpretation of the video image. In cases in which a common bile duct injury occurred, the complication happened not because of the surgeonÕs inability to perform well technically but because of misperception of the image and incorrect decision making based on false perceptual information. As the authors remarked:''These data show that errors leading to laparoscopic bile duct injuries stem principally from misperception, not errors of skill, knowledge, or judgment. The misperception was so compelling that in most cases the surgeon did not recognize a problem. Even when irregularities were identified, corrective feedback did not occur, which is characteristic of human thinking under firmly held assumptions.''The blame, it seems, is probably on a misunderstanding most of us share: we assume that our eyes reliably interpret reality. We overlook the crucial fact that the picture we see is a video image, that it has many limitations and may lead us to perform the wrong action based on false perceptual information.The notion that a better video image may result in better endoscopic surgery is not new. Improvement in video imaging is one of the factors that enables us to perform more complex procedures than we did a decade ago. As these developments evolve, several new devices are on the verge of becoming new tools to perceive the endoscopic reality.
HDTVDigital television (DTV) is based on the transmission of pure digital signals along with the reception and display of those signals on a digital monitor. DTV signals can be broadcast over the air or transmitted via cable or satellite system to a decoder that receives the signal, decodes it, and displays it. HDTV, or high-resolution digital television, is the highest resolution DTV in the new set of standards. It offers 720 or 1080 lines of resolution compared to the 525 lines people are used to in the United States. The result is a very bright, detailed picture that looks ''almost'' three-dimensional (3D).There are two main formats for HDTV: interlaced and progressive. The distinction refers to the scanning system. In interlaced format the screen shows every odd line on one scan of the screen, followed by the even lines on the subsequent scan. Since there are 30 frames shown per second, the screen shows on...