Virtually the same? Analysing pedestrian behaviour by means of virtual reality

Schneider, Sonja; Bengler, Klaus

doi:10.1016/j.trf.2019.11.005

Cited by 64 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The experiment's sample size of 100 participants is not considered small among VR studies. In Schneider et al, a review of 87 such studies showed that the average sample size was just 69.5 people [61]. The sample size of the present study was also sufficiently large to apply conjoint analysis [62] (p. 21).…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 67%

Immersive Virtual Reality-Aided Conjoint Analysis of Urban Square Preference by Living Environment

Kim

2020

Sustainability

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Though several studies have explored the ways in which people perceive the qualities of urban squares, the influence of living environments on such perceptions has received little attention. To fill this gap, this study examined differences in preferences for urban square design elements, particularly, the ratio of the width of a public space to the height of the surrounding buildings (D/H ratio), square size, and façade details, among people with different living environments. Virtual reality simulation techniques were used in controlled experiments with 100 participants of various nationalities, mostly Koreans, and conjoint analysis was applied to determine what combination of design elements most influenced urban square preferences. Participants experienced eight virtual squares designed with different combinations of the three design elements and assessed them based on five indicators of the quality of urban squares. Among the three design elements, the D/H ratio most significantly influenced the perceptions of quality, regardless of participants’ living environments. We conclude that the level of experience in various urban environments may affect people’s familiarity with these environments and their spatial perception and preferences. We thus suggest that socio-cultural differences related to users’ living environments should receive more attention in urban design practice. We also demonstrate that the emerging combination of immersive virtual reality technology and conjoint analysis can function as a useful tool for urban design research.

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Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 67%

Immersive Virtual Reality-Aided Conjoint Analysis of Urban Square Preference by Living Environment

Kim

2020

Sustainability

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“…Furthermore, like other research using VR [ 37 ], this study targeted a limited population cohort of university students and only 50 students finally participated in our survey through snowball sampling, thus making generalizing our results difficult. To expand our study, future research should cover a wide range of people, including children, the elderly, and the disabled.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To expand our study, future research should cover a wide range of people, including children, the elderly, and the disabled. Although our target population and sample size are not very different from those of previous VR studies [ 37 ], this study should be regarded as a pioneering study applying novel methodology, rather than a confirmatory study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Safety and Pedestrian Performance in Pedestrian Priority Streets (PPSs) in Seoul, Korea: A Virtual Reality Experiment and Trace Mapping

Lee¹,

Kim

2021

IJERPH

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Pedestrian Priority Street (PPS) project, launched to encourage safer and more convenient walking by improving the inferior pedestrian environment on narrow streets without sidewalks, is based on Monderman’s shared space concept. Similar to the shared space approach, PPS aims for mutual consideration between pedestrians and drivers and strives to create a pedestrian-friendly environment, but the project relies on a unique road surface design. Considering the two main goals of the PPS project, this study investigated how subjective safety and pedestrians’ movements differed by design types. To analyze safety perception, ordered Logit regression and post-hoc interviews were conducted with visual assessment survey using recorded VR (virtual reality) videos. Next, trace mapping and analysis were performed based on the video recordings to measure the degree of free walking. The results found that pedestrians perceived higher safety level in PPSs than in general back road. Further, the pedestrians moved more freely in the street with an integrated design. In other types, which suggested a pedestrian zone at the roadside, there was not much difference in behavior from the general back roads. Thus, the design principle of PPS, which does not set a boundary between pedestrian and vehicle area, should be observed to lead to behavioral changes in pedestrians.

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“…Arguably the biggest gap in IVE research for bicyclists and pedestrians is the lack of standard methods to cross-compare different studies. For instance, it is difficult to draw conclusions relating to technology effectiveness between a simulator using 2D screens and another using a 3D HMD as validation studies are very limited and not consistent between different mediums (Schneider and Bengler 2020). This was shown by Maillot et al (2017) in which they evaluated participants' crossing behavior across three mediums: 2D screens, 3D HMD, and 3D Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE); their analysis showed there exists a significant difference in participant gap acceptance between 2D screens and CAVE.…”

Section: Ive Simulation Technology and Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

ORCLSim: A System Architecture for Studying Bicyclist and Pedestrian Physiological Behavior Through Immersive Virtual Environments

Guo,

Angulo,

Robartes

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Injuries and fatalities for vulnerable road users, especially bicyclists and pedestrians, are on the rise. To better inform design for vulnerable road users, we need to conduct more studies to evaluate how bicyclist and pedestrian behavior and physiological states change in different roadway designs and contextual settings. Previous research highlights the advantages of Immersive Virtual Environment (IVE) in conducting bicyclist and pedestrian studies. These environments do not put participants at risk of getting injured, are low-cost compared to on-road or naturalistic studies and allow researchers to fully control variables of interest. In this paper, we propose a framework ORCLSim, to support human sensing techniques within IVE to evaluate bicyclist and pedestrian physiological and behavioral changes in different contextual settings. To showcase this framework, we present two case studies where we collect and analyze pilot data from five participants' physiological and behavioral responses in an IVE setting, representing real-world roadway segments and traffic conditions. Results from these case studies indicate that physiological data is sensitive to road environment changes and real-time events, especially changes in heart rate and gaze behavior. Additionally, our preliminary data indicates participants may respond differently to various roadway settings (e.g., intersections with or without traffic signal). By analyzing these changes, we can identify how participants' stress levels and cognitive load is impacted by the simulated surrounding environment. The ORCLSim system architecture can be further utilized for future studies in users' behavioral and physiological responses in different virtual reality settings.

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Virtually the same? Analysing pedestrian behaviour by means of virtual reality

Cited by 64 publications

References 65 publications

Immersive Virtual Reality-Aided Conjoint Analysis of Urban Square Preference by Living Environment

Immersive Virtual Reality-Aided Conjoint Analysis of Urban Square Preference by Living Environment

Perceived Safety and Pedestrian Performance in Pedestrian Priority Streets (PPSs) in Seoul, Korea: A Virtual Reality Experiment and Trace Mapping

ORCLSim: A System Architecture for Studying Bicyclist and Pedestrian Physiological Behavior Through Immersive Virtual Environments

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