Virulence and Biofilms As Promising Targets in Developing Antipathogenic Drugs Against Candidiasis

Khan, Mohd Sajjad Ahmad; Alshehrei, Fatimah; Alghamdi, Saleh; Bamaga, Majid A.; Althubiani, Abdullah Safar; Alam, Mohammad Zubair

doi:10.2144/fsoa-2019-0027

Cited by 42 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 176 publications

(229 reference statements)

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“…In order to develop new alternatives for conventional antifungal drugs, the virulence factors and their inhibitors have been extensively explored and characterized in the last few years 18 . Among these approaches, certain anti-secreted hydrolytic enzymes, such as inhibitors of fungal proteases, are considered a significant approach to the safe treatment of Candidiasis [19][20][21] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of different Enzymatic Virulence Traits contributing to pathogenicity of Candida Albicans

Nazeer

Naz

Zubair

et al. 2023

Int. j. endorsing health sci. res.

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Background: Candidiasis is regarded as one of the frequently occurring fungal infections of humans elicited by yeast that belongs to the genus Candida. Among the different species of Candida, Candida albicans is the most pathogenic specie. The pathogenicity of this specie depends on various virulence factors. This study was designed to determine the activity of some important enzymatic virulence factors such as phospholipase, proteinase and hemolysin produced by Candida albicans strains. Methodology: A total of 300 clinical isolates of C. albicans were obtained and identified by conventional standard diagnostic criteria. For the evaluation of phospholipase production, the egg yolk agar medium was employed. The minimum agar medium was used for proteinase activity and for hemolysin production, blood plate assay was used. The results were statistically analyzed by SPSS 16.0 version software. Results: Of a total of 300 isolates reviewed, the majority of the isolates were recovered from females, i.e. 234 (78%); however, the number of isolates obtained from males were 66 (22%). Amongst all the strains of C. albicans, phospholipase and hemolysin enzymes were produced primarily by 89.3% of the total C. albicans strains. While proteinase enzyme was produced by 86% of the total C. albicans isolates. A p-value < 0.05 was measured as statistically significant. Conclusion: From the existing study, it can be determined that these enzymes are produced by most of the pathogenic strains of C. albicans. The detection of these virulence enzymes is tremendously significant in designing of drugs to combat these opportunistic infections in future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of different Enzymatic Virulence Traits contributing to pathogenicity of Candida Albicans

Nazeer

Naz

Zubair

et al. 2023

Int. j. endorsing health sci. res.

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“…[37] Correspondingly, iron is an essential cofactor for its proteins and contributes to several metabolic processes, such as cellular respiration and DNA synthesis. [38] The production of the phospholipase enzyme is considered an important virulence factor of Candida spp., since it binds the yeast to the target tissue and generates an entry pathway in the same hydrolyzed phospholipids and degrading the host cell membranes, being fundamental for the establishment of the infectious process. [37] According to the present research, all isolated Candida species produce phospholipases, with C. albicans having the strongest Pz activity, corroborating the findings of another study that described phospholipae production in 61.42% of C. albicans isolates, in addition the majority were considered as strong producers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with the isolation of Candida Spp. from the oral microbiota of people living with HIV

Silva

Brito

et al. 2020

CNS

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This study aimed to analyze the association between the isolation of Candida species in the oral cavity and the clinical and virulence factors of people living with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This cross-sectional study, comprising 106 people living with HIV who were evaluated in an HIV-AIDS outpatient clinic in Fortaleza, Northeast of Brazil, data collection were conducted during August and November 2018. A saliva sample was also collected to isolate Candida. The virulence factors of extracellular and hemolytic phospholipase activities in isolated Candida strains were analyzed. The prevalence of oral Candida was 40.6%, and the presence of oral Candida was associated with smoking habits (p = .005), daily smoking (p = .026), low weight (p = .030), history of hospitalization (p = .014), TCD4 lymphocyte count < 200 cells/mm3 (p = .018), and detectable viral load (p = .005). The multivariate analysis revealed that the variables smoking habits (p = .008), viral load (p = .011), and body mass index (p = .011) were associated with the presence of oral Candida. Strong hemolytic and phospholipase activities were, respectively, identified in 74.4% and 72% of the isolated strains, mainly Candida albicans. As a main conclusion, the isolation of Candida from the oral cavity in people living with HIV/AIDS, has a strong association with the use of tobacco, even under anappropriate treatment.

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“…Although all Candida species are susceptible to polyenes, the treatment of candidiasis caused by C. krusei and C. glabrata requires a maximal safe dose of drugs; however, the usage of polyenes is limited by their nephrotoxicity [ 58 ]. This adverse effect results from the affinity of polyenes to cholesterol located in the membrane of host cells, affecting the permeability of the renal tubules [ 63 , 64 ]. The best-known drug from this group—AMB—is also effective against Candida spp.…”

Section: Current Methods For Treatment and Management Of Superficimentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant-Derived Substances in the Fight Against Infections Caused by Candida Species

Guevara-Lora

Bras

Karkowska‐Kuleta

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Yeast-like fungi from the Candida genus are predominantly harmless commensals that colonize human skin and mucosal surfaces, but under conditions of impaired host immune system change into dangerous pathogens. The pathogenicity of these fungi is typically accompanied by increased adhesion and formation of complex biofilms, making candidal infections challenging to treat. Although a variety of antifungal drugs have been developed that preferably attack the fungal cell wall and plasma membrane, these pathogens have acquired novel defense mechanisms that make them resistant to standard treatment. This causes an increase in the incidence of candidiasis and enforces the urgent need for an intensified search for new specifics that could be helpful, alone or synergistically with traditional drugs, for controlling Candida pathogenicity. Currently, numerous reports have indicated the effectiveness of plant metabolites as potent antifungal agents. These substances have been shown to inhibit growth and to alter the virulence of different Candida species in both the planktonic and hyphal form and during the biofilm formation. This review focuses on the most recent findings that provide evidence of decreasing candidal pathogenicity by different substances of plant origin, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms of their action. This is a particularly important issue in the light of the currently increasing frequency of emerging Candida strains and species resistant to standard antifungal treatment.

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Virulence and Biofilms As Promising Targets in Developing Antipathogenic Drugs Against Candidiasis

Cited by 42 publications

References 176 publications

Assessment of different Enzymatic Virulence Traits contributing to pathogenicity of Candida Albicans

Assessment of different Enzymatic Virulence Traits contributing to pathogenicity of Candida Albicans

Factors associated with the isolation of Candida Spp. from the oral microbiota of people living with HIV

Plant-Derived Substances in the Fight Against Infections Caused by Candida Species

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