Virulence Factors of Enteric Pathogenic Escherichia coli: A Review

Pakbin, Babak; Brück, Wolfram M.; Rossen, John W. A.

doi:10.3390/ijms22189922

Cited by 154 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 137 publications

(196 reference statements)

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“…coli is an extremely diverse species, including strains with little or no pathogenic potential and those that have acquired chromosomal or extra-chromosomal virulence operons to become highly infectious and virulent towards humans, animals, or both [11]. Pathotypes of diarrheagenic E. coli are grouped according to their virulence genes into enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), diffuse adherent E. coli (DAEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC), cell-detaching E. coli (CDEC), and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) [12]. The latter pathotype includes a subgroup designated as enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), which is characterized by harboring the eae gene (encodes intimin, which is involved in attaching and effacing phenotype).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loads of Coliforms and Fecal Coliforms and Characterization of Thermotolerant Escherichia coli in Fresh Raw Milk Cheese

Hammad

El-Tahan

Hassan

et al. 2022

Foods

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The aim of this study was to assess the hygienic status of raw milk cheese and determine the trends of virulence and antimicrobial resistance in thermotolerant Escherichia coli. Two hundred samples of karish, a popular Egyptian fresh raw milk cheese, were analyzed for coliforms and fecal coliforms using a standard most probable number (MPN) technique. Overall, 85% of samples were unsuitable for consumption, as they exceeded Egyptian standards for coliforms (10 MPN/g), and 65% of samples exhibited coliforms at 44.5 °C. Of 150 recovered thermotolerant strains, 140 (93.3%) were identified as E. coli. Importantly, one Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strain carrying a striking virulence pattern, stx1−, stx2+, eae−, was detected. Eleven strains (7.8%, 11/140) showed resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. Antibiotic resistance genes included blaSHV, blaCTX-M, qnrS, tet(A), and tet(B), which were present in 4.3%, 2.8%, 0.71%, 2.1%, and 0.71% of isolates, respectively. In conclusion, this study indicated that hygienic-sanitary failures occurred throughout the production process of most retail karish cheese. Furthermore, our findings emphasize the need for adopting third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli as an indicator for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in raw milk cheese to identify the potential public health burden associated with its consumption.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loads of Coliforms and Fecal Coliforms and Characterization of Thermotolerant Escherichia coli in Fresh Raw Milk Cheese

Hammad

El-Tahan

Hassan

et al. 2022

Foods

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“…This means that the proportion of resistant isolates detected in chickens is high. 193,195 European reports found on data collected from seven countries show high resistivity of poultry. 196 This can be partially explained by the fact that the use of antibiotics is even more intensive in agriculture and more often in poultry where animals are kept in proximity.…”

Section: Dovepressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…200 Their integrated resistance, and most of the time, it is the collocation of various factors or genes within the same mobile genetic elements (integrins, transposons, and/or plasmids), contributed to the selection of multidrug resistance of isolates around the world. 195 , 200 , 207 The presence and diversity of integrins in E. coli from beef and poultry were investigated, and several reports from Africa 202 showed a high prevalence of class 1 and class 2 integrins (60%) containing the common streptomycin ( aad ) and trimethoprim ( dfr ) resistance coding factors. This situation is even more worrisome, as other antimicrobial classes including cephalosporins and quinolones are essential for the treatment of a broad range of human infections, and resistance to them leaves few treatment options.…”

Section: Antimicrobial Agents – the African Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Prevalence, Pathogenicity, Heavy Metal and Antimicrobial Resistance, African Perspective

Gambushe¹,

Zishiri²,

Zowalaty³

2022

IDR

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Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important food-borne and water-borne pathogen that causes hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans and may cause serious morbidity and large outbreaks worldwide. People with bloody diarrhea have an increased risk of developing serious complications such as acute renal failure and neurological damage. The hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a serious condition, and up to 50% of HUS patients can develop long-term renal dysfunction or blood pressurerelated complications. Children aged two to six years have an increased risk of developing HUS. Clinical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infections show fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. The EPEC reservoir is unknown but is suggested to be an asymptomatic or symptomatic child or an asymptomatic adult carrier. Spreading is often through the fecal-oral route. The prevalence of EPEC in infants is low, and EPEC is highly contagious in children. EPEC disease in children tends to be clinically more severe than other diarrheal infections. Some children experience persistent diarrhea that lasts for more than 14 days. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are a compelling cause of the problem of diarrheal disease. ETEC strains are a global concern as the bacteria are the leading cause of acute watery diarrhea in children and the leading cause of traveler's diarrhea. It is contagious to children and can cause chronic diarrhea that can affect the development and well-being of children. Infections with diarrheagenic E. coli are more common in African countries. Antimicrobial agents should be avoided in the acute phase of the disease since studies showed that antimicrobial agents may increase the risk of HUS in children. The South African National Veterinary Surveillance and Monitoring Programme for Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs has reported increased antimicrobial resistance in E. coli. Pathogenic bacterial strains have developed resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents due to antimicrobial misuse. The induced heavy metal tolerance may also enhance antimicrobial resistance. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance depends on the type of the antimicrobial agent, bacterial strain, dose, time, and mode of administration. Developing countries are severely affected by increased resistance to antimicrobial agents due to poverty, lack of proper hygiene, and clean water, which can lead to bacterial infections with limited treatment options due to resistance.

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“…They include enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) [ 6 ]. Numerous virulence-associated factors contribute to the pathogenicity of E. coli pathotypes since they help in the colonization of these microorganisms to the host surfaces, the invasion of host tissues, the avoidance of the host defense mechanisms, and the stimulation of the inflammatory responses with a consequence of causing clinical diseases [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Is behind the Correlation Analysis of Diarrheagenic E. coli Pathotypes?

Bendary

El-Hamid

Alhomrani

et al. 2022

Biology

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The treatment failure recorded among patients and animals infected with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) was increased due to the presence of specific virulence markers among these strains. These markers were used to classify DEC into several pathotypes. We analyzed the correlations between DEC pathotypes and antimicrobial resistances, the existence of virulence genes, serotypes, and hosts. The ETEC pathotype was detected with a high prevalence rate (25%). Moreover, the ETEC and EPEC pathotypes were highly associated with human infections in contrast to the EIEC and EAEC phenotypes, which were commonly recognized among animal isolates. Interestingly, the antimicrobial resistance was affected by E. coli pathotypes. With the exception of EIEC and STEC, imipenem represented the most effective antibiotic against the other pathotypes. There were fixed correlations between the DEC pathotypes and the presence of virulence markers and hosts; meanwhile, their correlation with serotypes was variable. Additionally, the vast majority of our isolates were highly diverse, based on both phenotypic and ERIC molecular typing techniques. Our promising results gave a clear indication for the heterogeneity and weak clonality of DEC pathotypes in Egypt, which can be utilized in the evaluation of the current therapeutic protocols and infection control guidelines.

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Virulence Factors of Enteric Pathogenic Escherichia coli: A Review

Cited by 154 publications

References 137 publications

Loads of Coliforms and Fecal Coliforms and Characterization of Thermotolerant Escherichia coli in Fresh Raw Milk Cheese

Loads of Coliforms and Fecal Coliforms and Characterization of Thermotolerant Escherichia coli in Fresh Raw Milk Cheese

Review of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Prevalence, Pathogenicity, Heavy Metal and Antimicrobial Resistance, African Perspective

What Is behind the Correlation Analysis of Diarrheagenic E. coli Pathotypes?

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