Virulence of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and gp43 expression in isolates bearing known PbGP43 genotype

Carvalho, Kátia Cândido; Ganiko, Luciane; Batista, Wagner L.; Morais, Flavia Villaça; Marques, Everaldo R.; Goldman, Gustavo H.; Franco, Marcello; Puccia, Rosana

doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2004.09.008

Cited by 57 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Alternatively, this clinical presentation might be due to particularly virulent strains. Cellular and molecular biology studies are now beginning to address the putative mechanisms and molecules associated with the variability in virulence among Pb strains (up to now studied only in animal models of PCM) [85][86][87][88]. The few attempts of connecting Pb components (e.g., 1,3-alpha glucan) with the virulence trait have failed [89].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of the immunopathology of human paracoccidioidomycosis

2008

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We review here the advances in the understanding of the immunopathology of human paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). Its investigation must take in account the intriguing natural history of the mycosis and its agent, providing clues to the mechanisms that lead to development of disease (unbalanced host-parasite relationship?) or to the clinically silent, chronic carrier state (balanced hostparasite relationship?), in exposed people living in endemic areas. Although the literature on this subject has progressed notably, the overall picture of what are the mechanisms of susceptibility or resistance continues to be fragmentary. Major advances were seen in the description of both the cytokines/chemokines associated to the different outcomes of the hostparasite interaction, and the fungus-monocyte/macrophage interaction, and cytokines released thereof by these cells. However, relatively few studies have attempted to modify, even in vitro, the patients' unbalanced immune reactivity. Consequently, the benefits of this improved knowledge did not yet reach clinical practice. Fortunately, the previous notion of the immune system as having two nearly independent arms, the innate and adaptive immunities, leaving a large gap between them, is now being overcome.Immunologists are now trying to dissect the connections between these two arms. This will certainly lead to more productive results. Current investigations should address the innate immunity events that trigger the IL-12/IFN-c axis and confer protection against PCM in those individuals living in endemic areas, who have been infected, but did not develop the mycosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of the immunopathology of human paracoccidioidomycosis

2008

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“…Previous RAPD analyses [50][51][52], RFLP [53], and partial sequences of some genes [54,55] from several P. brasiliensis isolates, revealed genetic variability and clusters correlated with geography [50,53] or virulence [51,56]. Based on phylogenetic analysis of 65 P. brasiliensis isolates, Matute et al [57] recently proposed three distinct phylogenetic species within P. brasiliensis: S1 (a paraphyletic group formed by 38 isolates of Argentinean, Brazilian, Peruvian and Venezuelan origins, plus an isolate from an Antarctic penguin), PS2 (six isolates, five of them of Brazilian origin, and one Venezuelan) and PS3 (21 Colombian isolates).…”

Section: Molecular Phylogenymentioning

confidence: 99%

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: chemical and molecular tools for research on cell walls, antifungals, diagnosis, taxonomy

San-Blas

Niño-Vega

2008

Mycopathologia

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Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus, a causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, one of the most frequent systemic mycoses that affect the rural population in Latin America, only geographical region in which this fungus is to be found. In this work, we discuss matters related to (a) cell wall studies based on the cloning and analysis of genes involved in the synthesis of cell wall components, and their possible roles in virulence and dimorphism in P. brasiliensis, (b) molecular taxonomy and the molecular classification of P. brasiliensis as an Ascomycete belonging in the Order Onygenales, (c) phylogeny of P. brasiliensis and the possible existence of cryptic species within the genus Paracoccidioides, and (d) new experimental antifungal drugs such as azasterols or sterol hydrazones, compounds that affect the activity of D 24(28) sterol methyl reductase (SMR) and/or D (24) -sterol methyl transferase (SMT), and (e) specific primers for the molecular detection of P. brasiliensis in vitro and in clinical samples.

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“…The preferential transcription start point has been mapped in four isolates by primer extension at position -25 (CA), but two other and less intense sites at -33 (CA) and -35 (TA) have also been detected [60]. The PbGP43 transcription end-point was determined by 3 0 RACE in 10 fungal samples, where 11 different poly-A sites, generally PyA, were mapped between positions 1,420 and 1,456 [Morais and Puccia, unpublished results].…”

Section: Genotypic Variation In the Pbgp43 Genementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors compared two cloned PCR fragments from the whole gene (exon 1, intron and exon 2) and later from 326 bp of the promoter region [60]. They found 21 informative substitution sites in the ORF, mostly in exon 2, none in the intron (sites 464-541), and seven in the promoter region, which defined 5-6 genotypes.…”

Section: Genotypic Variation In the Pbgp43 Genementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Few works have so far reported a positive correlation between genetic groups and disease [51,60]. On the other hand, the relevance of conclusions and comparisons regarding virulence have to be critically evaluated by the readers, because the authors use different animal models, inoculum sizes, routes of infection, type of analysis, among other possible experimental differences that could lead to different results and conclusions for the same isolate.…”

Section: Genetic Groups Of P Brasiliensis and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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