Virulence Plasmid Diversity in<i>Clostridium perfringens</i>Type D Isolates

Sayeed, Sameera; Li, Jihong; McClane, Bruce A.

doi:10.1128/iai.02014-06

Cited by 70 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…A few type D strains apparently carry the same 65-kb etx-and cpb2-carrying plasmid found in type B strains (14). For most type D isolates, their toxin plasmids also have the tcp locus genes essential for conjugative transfer (15), and conjugative transfer has been demonstrated for two type D etx-carrying plasmids (21).…”

Section: Plasmid Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike type B etx-carrying plasmids, the etx-carrying plasmids of type D strains exhibit considerable size diversity (15). For type D isolates lacking the cpe or cpb2 gene, the etx gene is generally present on an ϳ48-kb plasmid, although a few type D strains carry larger (ϳ73-to 75-kb) etxcarrying plasmids (15). For type D isolates possessing the cpe and/or the cpb2 gene, the etx gene is located on large plasmids ranging in size from ϳ75 to 110 kb (15).…”

Section: Plasmid Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For type D isolates lacking the cpe or cpb2 gene, the etx gene is generally present on an ϳ48-kb plasmid, although a few type D strains carry larger (ϳ73-to 75-kb) etxcarrying plasmids (15). For type D isolates possessing the cpe and/or the cpb2 gene, the etx gene is located on large plasmids ranging in size from ϳ75 to 110 kb (15). In these type D isolates, their cpb2 gene is present on ϳ45-to 85-kb plasmids, most commonly 75-kb plasmids, while their cpe gene is carried on large plasmids ranging from 75 kb to, most commonly, ϳ110 kb (15).…”

Section: Plasmid Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For type D isolates possessing the cpe and/or the cpb2 gene, the etx gene is located on large plasmids ranging in size from ϳ75 to 110 kb (15). In these type D isolates, their cpb2 gene is present on ϳ45-to 85-kb plasmids, most commonly 75-kb plasmids, while their cpe gene is carried on large plasmids ranging from 75 kb to, most commonly, ϳ110 kb (15). A few type D strains apparently carry the same 65-kb etx-and cpb2-carrying plasmid found in type B strains (14).…”

Section: Plasmid Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has now become clear that many important C. perfringens toxins are encoded by large plasmids (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). Other recent studies, described later in this review, have provided important insights into the diversity of C. perfringens toxin plasmids, the critical importance of these plasmids for pathogenesis, and the ability of toxin plasmids to transfer among C. perfringens strains.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Toxin Plasmids of Clostridium perfringens

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et al. 2013

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

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SUMMARY In both humans and animals, Clostridium perfringens is an important cause of histotoxic infections and diseases originating in the intestines, such as enteritis and enterotoxemia. The virulence of this Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium is heavily dependent upon its prolific toxin-producing ability. Many of the ∼16 toxins produced by C. perfringens are encoded by large plasmids that range in size from ∼45 kb to ∼140 kb. These plasmid-encoded toxins are often closely associated with mobile elements. A C. perfringens strain can carry up to three different toxin plasmids, with a single plasmid carrying up to three distinct toxin genes. Molecular Koch's postulate analyses have established the importance of several plasmid-encoded toxins when C. perfringens disease strains cause enteritis or enterotoxemias. Many toxin plasmids are closely related, suggesting a common evolutionary origin. In particular, most toxin plasmids and some antibiotic resistance plasmids of C. perfringens share an ∼35-kb region containing a Tn 916 -related conjugation locus named tcp (transfer of clostridial plasmids). This tcp locus can mediate highly efficient conjugative transfer of these toxin or resistance plasmids. For example, conjugative transfer of a toxin plasmid from an infecting strain to C. perfringens normal intestinal flora strains may help to amplify and prolong an infection. Therefore, the presence of toxin genes on conjugative plasmids, particularly in association with insertion sequences that may mobilize these toxin genes, likely provides C. perfringens with considerable virulence plasticity and adaptability when it causes diseases originating in the gastrointestinal tract.

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Section: Plasmid Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%