Virus-Induced Flowering: An Application of Reproductive Biology to Benefit Plant Research and Breeding

McGarry, Roisin C.; Klocko, Amy L.; Pang, Mingxiong; Strauss, Steven H.; Ayre, Brian G.

doi:10.1104/pp.16.01336

Cited by 37 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…VIF has been developed in several plants and fruit trees (McGarry et al, 2017) since its early establishment in cucurbit (Lin et al, 2007) and tobacco (Li et al, 2009); however, the exact mechanism has not been fully investigated in each case. As the expression of the plant's own endogenous FT gene(s) is still possible, it remains to be elucidated whether VIF was due to a direct or indirect effect of the virally expressed FT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as the expression of the plant's own endogenous FT gene(s) is still possible, the induction of flowering could either be a direct effect of the virally expressed FT gene or caused by an indirect induction of the expression of the endogenous FT gene. Such lack of understanding of the virus-induced flowering mechanism is also true for other published VIF systems (McGarry et al, 2017). To address this, we performed time-course experiments in PVX/AtFT-infected tobacco plants and examined the expression levels of AtFT and of the endogenous NbFT4 gene to investigate how they correlated with the flowering response (Fig.…”

Section: Pvx-based Vifmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, in tomato rin and Cnr mutants, viral expression of the MADS-or SBP-box transcription factor LeMADS-RIN or LeSPL-CNR leads to virus-induced gene complementation and causes nonripening mutant fruits to ripen (Zhou et al, 2012;Kong et al, 2013). Another example is the use of virus technology to study the roles of proteins and RNAs in the flowering process (Li et al, 2011;McGarry et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Since then, several RNA and DNA viruses, including Apple latent spherical virus, Cotton leaf crumple virus, and Citrus leaf blotch virus, have been engineered to express FT for floral induction in soybean, apple, pear, gentian, and lisianthus plants Yamagishi et al, , 2014Yamagishi et al, , 2016Fekih et al, 2016), cotton (McGarry andAyre, 2012;McGarry et al, 2016), and citrus (Velázquez et al, 2016). These latest developments have generated broad interest in the application of VIF for the benefit of crop breeding (McGarry et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…nonflowering) long-day (LD) conditions (Li et al, 2009(Li et al, , 2011. These findings open up possibilities for further development and application of the virus-induced flowering (VIF) assay in plants (McGarry et al, 2017). Since then, several RNA and DNA viruses, including Apple latent spherical virus, Cotton leaf crumple virus, and Citrus leaf blotch virus, have been engineered to express FT for floral induction in soybean, apple, pear, gentian, and lisianthus plants Yamagishi et al, , 2014Yamagishi et al, , 2016Fekih et al, 2016), cotton (McGarry andAyre, 2012;McGarry et al, 2016), and citrus (Velázquez et al, 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Virus-Induced Assay for Functional Dissection and Analysis of Monocot and Dicot Flowering Time Genes

Cheng

Chen²,

Shen³

et al. 2017

Plant Physiol.

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Virus-induced flowering (VIF) uses virus vectors to express Flowering Locus T (FT) to induce flowering in plants. This approach has recently attracted wide interest for its practical applications in accelerating breeding in crops and woody fruit trees. However, the insight into VIF and its potential as a powerful tool for dissecting florigenic proteins remained to be elucidated. Here, we describe the mechanism and further applications of Potato virus X (PVX)-based VIF in the short-day Nicotiana tabacum cultivar Maryland Mammoth. Ectopic delivery of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtFT by PVX/AtFT did not induce the expression of the endogenous FT ortholog NtFT4; however, it was sufficient to trigger flowering in Maryland Mammoth plants grown under noninductive long-day conditions. Infected tobacco plants developed no systemic symptoms, and the PVX-based VIF did not cause transgenerational flowering. We showed that the PVX-based VIF is a much more rapid method to examine the impacts of single amino acid mutations on AtFT for floral induction than making individual transgenic Arabidopsis lines for each mutation. We also used the PVX-based VIF to demonstrate that adding a His-or FLAG-tag to the N or C terminus of AtFT could affect its florigenic activity and that this system can be applied to assay the function of FT genes from heterologous species, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) SFT and rice (Oryza sativa) Hd3a. Thus, the PVX-based VIF represents a simple and efficient system to identify individual amino acids that are essential for FT-mediated floral induction and to test the ability of mono-and dicotyledonous FT genes and FT fusion proteins to induce flowering.Modified plant viruses have emerged as powerful tools for dissecting gene function in plants. Such plant virus-based technology can be applied to facilitate or impede gene expression, resulting in gain-or loss-offunction phenotypes. Although virus-based technology was initially exploited for the purpose of high-level production of foreign proteins, such as recombinant subunit vaccines and pharmaceutical proteins for molecular pharming (Scholthof et al., 1996;Porta and Lomonossoff, 2002), plant RNA and DNA virus-based techniques such as small interfering RNA-mediated virus-induced posttranscriptional gene silencing (VIGS) has been extensively utilized to silence genes for functional genomic studies in dicots and monocots, including plants and crops recalcitrant to classical forward or reverse genetic manipulation (Lindbo et al

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pvx-based Vifmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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A Virus-Induced Assay for Functional Dissection and Analysis of Monocot and Dicot Flowering Time Genes

Cheng

Chen²,

Shen³

et al. 2017

Plant Physiol.

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Tolerance of plant virus disease: Its genetic, physiological, and epidemiological significance

Jeger

2022

Food and Energy Security

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The development and use of tolerance have been proposed as an alternative or complementary method to host resistance in the management of plant diseases, including those caused by viruses. There has been much ambiguity among plant pathologists, plant breeders, and agronomists in the meaning of tolerance and how it can be operationally defined, but a modern consensus seems to have emerged. Tolerance is a relative term that means a limited reduction in host plant fitness (reproduction or survival) in relation to pathogen load throughout or during a defined period of plant development and growth such as the reproductive stage. This emphasizes the need to study reproductive stage disease tolerance. Despite this apparent consensus, there remain questions over the use of model plant systems, the genetic background of tolerance, its physiological expression, and epidemiological consequences of its deployment in crops, in comparison with host resistance. Most examples of tolerance reviewed here are for plant virus systems, although other pathogen taxa are referred to, as is tolerance as a natural phenomenon in wild plants including crop relatives. An argument is made for studying commonalities and interactions in host responses to biotic and abiotic stressors; in particular, whether virus infection can mitigate the impact of heat, cold, drought and salinity stress in plants. Finally, we review the use of mathematical models as a means of evaluating the strategy of using tolerance in disease and crop management.

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Generation of advanced fire blight-resistant apple (Malus × domestica) selections of the fifth generation within 7 years of applying the early flowering approach

Schlathölter

Jänsch

Flachowsky

et al. 2018

Planta

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Main conclusionThe approach presented here can be applied to reduce the time needed to introduce traits from wild apples into null segregant advanced selections by one-fourth.Interesting traits like resistances to pathogens are often found within the wild apple gene pool. However, the long juvenile phase of apple seedlings hampers the rapid introduction of these traits into new cultivars. The rapid crop cycle breeding approach used in this paper is based on the overexpression of the birch (Betula pendula) MADS4 transcription factor in apple. Using the early flowering line T1190 and ‘Evereste’ as source of the fire blight resistance (Fb_E locus), we successfully established 18 advanced selections of the fifth generation in the greenhouse within 7 years. Fifteen individuals showed the habitus expected of a regular apple seedling, while three showed very short internodes. The null segregants possessing a regular habitus maintained the high level of fire blight resistance typical for ‘Evereste’. Using SSR markers, we estimated the percentage of genetic drag from ‘Evereste’ still associated with Fb_E on linkage group 12 (LG12). Eight out of the 18 selections had only 4% of ‘Evereste’ genome left. Since genotypes carrying the apple scab resistance gene Rvi6 and the fire blight resistance QTL Fb_F7 were used as parents in the course of the experiments, these resistances were also identified in some of the null segregants. One seedling is particularly interesting as, beside Fb_E, it also carries Fb_F7 heterozygously and Rvi6 homozygously. If null segregants obtained using this method will be considered as not genetically modified in Europe, as is already the case in the USA, this genotype could be a very promising parent for breeding new fire blight and scab-resistant apple cultivars in European apple breeding programs.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00425-018-2876-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Virus-Induced Flowering: An Application of Reproductive Biology to Benefit Plant Research and Breeding

Cited by 37 publications

References 72 publications

A Virus-Induced Assay for Functional Dissection and Analysis of Monocot and Dicot Flowering Time Genes

A Virus-Induced Assay for Functional Dissection and Analysis of Monocot and Dicot Flowering Time Genes

Tolerance of plant virus disease: Its genetic, physiological, and epidemiological significance

Generation of advanced fire blight-resistant apple (Malus × domestica) selections of the fifth generation within 7 years of applying the early flowering approach

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