Virus Shedding and Potential for Interspecies Waterborne Transmission of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus in Sparrows and Chickens

Forrest, H. S.; Kim, Jeong-Ki; Webster, Robert G.

doi:10.1128/jvi.02017-09

Cited by 28 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…being provided with water from cages of acutely infected chickens (Forrest et al, 2010). In contrast to oropharyngeal shedding, cloacal shedding of LPAIV H3N8 among sparrows and starlings was minimal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shedding and serologic responses following primary and secondary inoculation of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus

et al. 2010

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Waterfowl and shorebirds are well-recognized natural reservoirs of low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIV); however, little is known about the role of passerines in avian influenza virus ecology. Passerines are abundant, widespread, and commonly come into contact with free-ranging birds as well as captive game birds and poultry. We inoculated and subsequently challenged house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with wild-bird origin LPAIV H3N8 to evaluate their potential role in transmission. Oropharyngeal shedding was short lived, and was detected in more starlings (97.2%) than sparrows (47.2%; n=36 of each). Cloacal shedding was rare in both species (8.3%; n=36 of each) and no cage-mate transmission occurred. Infectious LPAIV was cultured from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and gastrointestinal and respiratory tissues from both species. Seroconversion was detected as early as 3 days post inoculation (d.p.i.) (16.7% of sparrows and 0% of starlings; n=6 each); 50% of these individuals seroconverted by 5 d.p.i., and nearly all birds (97%; n=35) seroconverted by 28 d.p.i. In general, pre-existing homologous immunity led to reduced shedding and increased antibody levels within 7 days of challenge. Limited shedding and lack of cage-mate transmission suggest that passerines are not significant reservoirs of LPAIV, although species differences apparently exist. Passerines readily and consistently seroconverted to LPAIV, and therefore inclusion of passerines in epidemiological studies of influenza outbreaks in wildlife and domestic animals may provide further insight into the potential involvement of passerines in avian influenza virus transmission ecology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shedding and serologic responses following primary and secondary inoculation of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus

et al. 2010

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“…These studies have shown that European starlings, sparrows, house finches, great reed warblers and pale thrushes are susceptible to infection with the H5N1 virus (Perkins & Swayne, 2003a, b;Boon et al, 2007;Brown et al, 2009;Forrest et al, 2010;Fujimoto et al, 2010;Liu et al, 2010;Yamamoto et al, 2013). In the present study, two other terrestrial wild bird species, i.e., common reed buntings and brown-eared bulbuls, were shown to be susceptible to recent H5N1 viruses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Because varying morbidity, mortality and disease signs were observed in experimental infections of the species (Perkins & Swayne, 2003a, b;Boon et al, 2007;Brown et al, 2009;Forrest et al, 2010;Fujimoto et al, 2010;Liu et al, 2010;Yamamoto et al, 2013), the epidemiologic role of passerine birds in the spread of HPAI virus is still unclear. In this study, to investigate the susceptibility of wild passerines that are widely distributed in Asian countries, we therefore inoculated three species of these birds, common reed buntings, pale thrushes and brown-eared bulbuls, with H5N1 HPAI virus strains isolated from wild birds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Susceptibility of wild passerines to subtype H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses

et al. 2015

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype have spread throughout many areas of Asia, Europe and Africa, and numerous cases of HPAI outbreaks in domestic and wild birds have been reported. Although recent studies suggest that the dissemination of H5N1 viruses is closely linked to the migration of wild birds, information on the potential for viral infection in species other than poultry and waterfowl is relatively limited. To investigate the susceptibility of terrestrial wild birds to infection with H5N1 HPAI viruses, common reed buntings (Emberiza schoeniclus), pale thrushes (Turdus pallidus) and brown-eared bulbuls (Hypsipetes amaurotis) were infected with A/mountain hawk-eagle/Kumamoto/1/07(H5N1) and A/whooper swan/Aomori/1/08(H5N1). The results showed that common reed buntings and brown-eared bulbuls were severely affected by both virus strains (100% mortality). While pale thrushes did not exhibit any clinical signs, seroconversion was confirmed. In common reed buntings, intraspecies-transmission of A/whooper swan/Aomori/1/08 to contact birds was also confirmed. The findings show that three passerine species; common reed buntings, brown-eared bulbuls and pale thrushes are susceptible to infection by H5N1 HPAI viruses, which emphasizes that continued surveillance of species other than waterfowl is crucial for effective monitoring of H5N1 HPAI virus outbreaks.

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“…The spiking of faeces (dry and wet) was done in order to ensure a final virus concentration of around 10 6 EID 50 /ml, which is often shed by the infected chickens in the faeces [8]. Briefly, both dry and wet faeces were spiked with the original virus (EID 50 10 10.33 /ml, diluted 1:100) in the ratio of 1 part diluted virus: 1 part faeces and triturated with mortar pestle to ensure proper mixing.…”

Section: Spiking Of the Virus In The Faeces And Titration Of Virus Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survivability of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus in Poultry Faeces at Different Temperatures

et al. 2013

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Highly pathogenic avian Influenza (HPAI) is an important zoonotic disease and is becoming a great threat to poultry industry. India has experienced continual outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI virus since February, 2006 especially in Eastern India. Survivability in poultry faeces is an important determinant in evaluating the persistence of the virus in the poultry sheds and their vicinity. In this paper, survivability of Indian H5N1 HPAI virus in dry and wet poultry faeces at 42, 37, 24 and 4°C, respectively is reported. The effect of different temperatures was determined by linear regression model and defined in terms of linear equation. The virus survived up to 18 h at 42°C, 24 h at 37°C, 5 days at 24°C and 8 weeks at 4°C in dry and wet faeces, respectively. The coefficients of determination (R 2 ) values for dry and wet faeces revealed that the difference in viral persistence in dry and wet faeces at all temperatures was not very marked. Results of the present study indicated that H5N1 HPAI virus may remain viable for extended periods of time in faeces at low temperatures and may act as a long term source of influenza virus in the environment.

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Virus Shedding and Potential for Interspecies Waterborne Transmission of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus in Sparrows and Chickens

Cited by 28 publications

References 15 publications

Shedding and serologic responses following primary and secondary inoculation of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus

Shedding and serologic responses following primary and secondary inoculation of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus

Susceptibility of wild passerines to subtype H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses

Survivability of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus in Poultry Faeces at Different Temperatures

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