Virus Transfer from Surf to Wind

Baylor, Edward R.; Baylor, Martha B.; Blanchard, Duncan C.; Syzdek, Lawrence D.; Appel, Curtis

doi:10.1126/science.918656

Cited by 102 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…However, bacterioplankton is constantly transferred from water to air through the bursting of air bubbles produced in breaking waves (Blanchard & Syzdek 1970). The atmospheric flow thus constitutes a mechanism for the dispersal of viral particles as well as bacteria (Baylor et al 1977, Griffin et al 2001. Disclosing processes that generate the different patterns of distribution found here thus appear to be a worthwhile challenge for microbial biogeography.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeographic analysis of ribosomal RNA clusters from marine bacterioplankton

Pommier¹,

Pinhassi²,

Hagström³

2005

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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Bacterial cosmopolitanism, which has for a long time been accepted by most microbiologists, confronts recent reports of endemic species and restricted distributions. From a marine perspective, our current knowledge is lacking global pictures of bacterioplankton distribution. Public databases storing nucleotide sequences grow daily from recurrent environmental analyses of the microbial community using the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) sequence as a marker of bacterial occurrence. These studies significantly contribute to our understanding of the global microbial processes. To address the question of whether marine bacterioplankton are cosmopolitan, 7070 SSU rDNA sequences submitted to GenBank were analyzed for sampling information and clustered into distinct ribotypes, based on sequence similarity levels. The resulting distribution maps displayed remarkable patterns of distributions of some members of the bacterioplankton community. Despite a strong bias toward sampling sites in the northern temperate regions of the globe, specific ribotypes showed ubiquitous dispersal whereas other ribotypes showed a distribution restricted to polar regions. These results suggest that marine bacterioplankton components present unexpected global patterns of distributions, where cosmopolitanism appears as an occasional trait. KEY WORDS: Bacterioplankton · Global distribution · Cosmopolitanism · RibotypesResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeographic analysis of ribosomal RNA clusters from marine bacterioplankton

Pommier¹,

Pinhassi²,

Hagström³

2005

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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“…This means that within months surface waters will spread and mix over large sea areas (Eilola 1998). A second important route for the transfer of bacterial DNA is sea spray (Blanchard & Syzdek 1970, Baylor et al 1977. Bacteria, as well as potentially transducing phages, could be transported at windspeeds typically ranging from 5 to 20 m S-', which means a 100-fold higher transfer rate than surface water transport.…”

Section: Divergence and Persistence Of Bacterial Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeographical diversity among marine bacterioplankton

Hagström¹,

Pinhassi²,

Zweifel³

2000

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

163

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The phylogenetic diversity of bacteria isolated on solid media from the Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Southern CaMornia Bight, Skagerrak, Weddell Sea (ice) and Andaman Sea was investigated by means of 16s rRNA gene sequence analysis. Of the 128 sequenced isolates, 5 2 % showed similarity on the species level to previously reported bacteria, while as many as 18 % showed a sequence similarity below 93%, which in the closest case would represent difference at the genus level. A majority of the isolated y-Proteobactena could be assigned to known species, while half of the a-Proteobacteria were only identified to the genus level. Bacteria affiliated with the FlexibacterCytophaga-Bacteroides phylum showed the lowest levels of s d a r i t y to previously sequenced bacteria, mainly representing novel genera. Closely related isolates most often originated from the same geographic area. Nevertheless, our data also demonstrated that most genera have closely related representatives widely distributed between different sea areas. Isolates related to environmental clones, with a sequence similarity above the tentative genus level, were found in 51 cases, of which 17 were more similar to clones than to cultured bacteria. From this result we concluded that a large proportion of the great species richness of marine bacteria, found by culture-independent techniques, is likely to be verified through information from live and functional bacteria.

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“…These viral-dispersal mechanisms are restricted to processes within the water body. Recent evidence suggests that marine primary aerosols produced by wind-induced bubble bursting in the ocean (14) can be highly enriched with microorganisms (15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Nevertheless, there is very limited information on the presence of aerosolized marine viruses and their possible role as a transmission mechanism affecting large-scale host-virus interactions during algal bloom succession.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection of phytoplankton by aerosolized marine viruses

Sharoni

Trainic

Schatz

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Marine viruses constitute a major ecological and evolutionary driving force in the marine ecosystems. However, their dispersal mechanisms remain underexplored. Here we follow the dynamics of Emiliania huxleyi viruses (EhV) that infect the ubiquitous, bloom-forming phytoplankton E. huxleyi and show that EhV are emitted to the atmosphere as primary marine aerosols. Using a laboratory-based setup, we showed that the dynamic of EhV aerial emission is strongly coupled to the host-virus dynamic in the culture media. In addition, we recovered EhV DNA from atmospheric samples collected over an E. huxleyi bloom in the North Atlantic, providing evidence for aerosolization of marine viruses in their natural environment. Decay rate analysis in the laboratory revealed that aerosolized viruses can remain infective under meteorological conditions prevailing during E. huxleyi blooms in the ocean, allowing potential dispersal and infectivity over hundreds of kilometers. Based on the combined laboratory and in situ findings, we propose that atmospheric transport of EhV is an effective transmission mechanism for spreading viral infection over large areas in the ocean. This transmission mechanism may also have an important ecological impact on the large-scale host-virus "arms race" during bloom succession and consequently the turnover of carbon in the ocean.

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Virus Transfer from Surf to Wind

Cited by 102 publications

References 17 publications

Biogeographic analysis of ribosomal RNA clusters from marine bacterioplankton

Biogeographic analysis of ribosomal RNA clusters from marine bacterioplankton

Biogeographical diversity among marine bacterioplankton

Infection of phytoplankton by aerosolized marine viruses

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