Viruses and <i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i> are the main etiological agents of community‐acquired pneumonia in hospitalized pediatric patients in Spain

Otheo, Enrique; Rodríguez, Mario; Moraleda, Cinta; Domínguez‐Rodríguez, Sara; Martín, María Dolores; Herreros, María Luisa; Vázquez, Carmen; Folgueira, María Dolores; Pérez‐Rivilla, Alfredo; Jensen, Julia; López, Ainhoa Abad; Berzosa, Arantxa; Santaeufemia, F.J. Sanz; Jiménez, Ana Belén; Sainz, Talía; Llorente, Marta; Santos, Mar; Garrote, Elisa; Muñoz, Cristina; Sánchez, Paula; Illán, Marta; Coca, A.; Barrios, Ana; Pacheco, Mónica; Arquero, Carmen; Gutiérrez, Lourdes; Epalza, Cristina; Rojo, Pablo; Serna-Pascual, Miquel; Mota, Inmaculada; Moreno, Santiago; Galán, Juan Carlos; Tagarro, Alfredo; Vals-Dance,

doi:10.1002/ppul.25721

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…There are many causes of CAP in children, and various factors are interrelated. At present, it is believed thatViral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae and bacterial infections are the leading causes of CAP in children 14 . In addition, the decreased level of immunity caused by malnutrition is also an important cause of CAP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The correlation between fat-soluble vitamin levels and inflammatory factors in pediatric community-acquired pneumonia : a retrospective study.

Wang

Wei

Jiang

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Objective: To analyze the correlation between vitamin A, D, E levels and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), neutrophil, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods: 110 children with CAP and 100 normal children were collected.The concentrations of fat-soluble vitamin A, D, E, the proportion of leukocytes and subtypes, the concentration of CRP, and the concentration of cytokines TNF-a, IL-1, and IL-10 were tested. Differences between vitamin levels and inflammatory factor levels were compared between the two groups.The correlation between vitamin levels and inflammatory factor levels was analyzed in children with CAP. Results: The hemoglobin, leukocyte concentration, neutrophils, monocytes and CRP concentration in the CAP group showed significant differences (P <0.05).The levels of vitamin A, D and E in the CAP group were lower than those in the control group, and the levels of TNF-a and IL-1 were higher than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). IL-10 levels have no significant between 2 groups (P>0.05).The Pearson analysis showed that the vitamin A, D, and E levels were all correlated with the TNF-a, IL-10, and CRP levels (P <0.05). Conclusion: The vitamin A, D, E levels of CAP children were lower than normal children. The content of fat-soluble vitamins are somewhat correlated with the secretion of TNF-a and IL-10 .

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The correlation between fat-soluble vitamin levels and inflammatory factors in pediatric community-acquired pneumonia : a retrospective study.

Wang

Wei

Jiang

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Even so, most cases of viral‐associated CAP receive antimicrobials at admission. 13 This is a point to be improved in our clinical activity and it would be convenient to carry out other studies focused on this point. It would be important to have a more restrictive attitude regarding antibiotherapy in cases of pneumonia with suspected viral etiology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The findings were compared with retrospective data from children diagnosed with viral‐associated CAP from a different study performed by our group. 13 In this study (ValsDance cohort), eligible participants were children under 18 years of age, admitted to any of the participating hospitals, with radiologically confirmed CAP, from April 2012 to May 2019. An extensive microbiological workup was performed, including blood cultures, Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen (BinaxNow TM ) and/or RT‐PCR for S. pneumoniae in pleural fluid if thoracentesis was performed, RT‐PCR in blood for S. pneumoniae , multiplex RT‐PCR on nasopharyngeal aspirate samples for pertussis and for the following panel of 16 viruses: RSV, hMPV, PIV 1, 2, 3, and 4, influenza (A and B), human bocavirus (hBoV), ADV, enterovirus (EV), RhV, and coronavirus (CoV) 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU12.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of pneumonia features in children caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 and other viral respiratory pathogens

Valle-Pérez

Ballesteros

Calvo

et al. 2022

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Background Pneumonia is a frequent manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in hospitalized children. Methods The study involved 80 hospitals in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Spanish Pediatric National Cohort. Participants were children <18 years, hospitalized with SARS‐CoV‐2 community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP). We compared the clinical and radiological characteristics of SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated CAP with CAP due to other viral etiologies from ValsDance (retrospective) cohort. Results In total, 151 children with SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated CAP and 138 with other viral CAP were included. Main clinical features of SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated CAP were cough, fever, or dyspnea. Lymphopenia was found in 43% patients and 15% required admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Chest X‐ray revealed condensation (42%) and other infiltrates (58%). Compared with CAP from other viral pathogens, COVID‐19 patients were older, with lower C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, less wheezing, and greater need of mechanical ventilation (MV). There were no differences in the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or HVF, or PICU admission between groups. Conclusion SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated CAP in children presents differently to other virus‐associated CAP: children are older and rarely have wheezing or high CRP levels; they need less oxygen but more CPAP or MV. However, several features overlap and differentiating the etiology may be difficult. The overall prognosis is good.

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“…Several viral pathogens have also been acknowledged as important pathogens for CAP, including influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenoviruses [ 5 ]. In any case, it must be considered that conventional microbiological studies can identify the etiology in only a limited number of patients [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, in-hospital mortality (IHM) fell significantly in children and adolescents. However, there are few studies that allow us to know the temporal evolution after this period [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-differences in incidence of hospitalizations and in hospital mortality of community-acquired pneumonia among children in Spain: a population-based study

et al. 2022

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The aim of this study is to examine trends from 2016 to 2019 in the incidence of hospitalizations and in-hospital mortality (IHM) of subjects < 18 years with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), assessing possible sex differences. We used Spanish national hospital discharge data to select all patients < 18 years with CAP. We identified 43,511 children (53% boys) hospitalized with CAP. The incidence of CAP was significantly higher in boys than in girls, with an age-adjusted incidence rate ratio of 1.05 (95%CI 1.03–1.07) for boys compared to girls, and rose from 126 per 100,000 children in 2016 to 131 in 2019 (p < 0.0001). There were no sex differences in isolated pathogens, comorbidities, length of hospital stay, or IHM. Variables independently associated with IHM were age 10 to 17 years, congenital heart disease, neurological diseases, and use of invasive mechanical ventilation. Asthma was a protective factor for IHM among girls.Conclusion: The incidence of hospital admissions for CAP was higher among boys than among girls and rose significantly from 2016 to 2019. There were no sex differences in hospital outcomes. Age 10 to 17 years, congenital heart disease, neurological diseases, and use of mechanical ventilation were risk factors for IHM in both sexes, while asthma was a protective factor among girls. No differences were found in IHM over time. What is Known:• Community-acquired pneumonia is one of the most common reasons for hospitalizations among children.• There are few studies that allow to know the evolution of community-acquired pneumonia in children. What is New:• Incidence of hospital admissions for community-acquired pneumonia was higher in boys than girls and it rose significantly from 2016 to 2019.• Age 10 to 17 years, congenital heart disease, neurological diseases and use of mechanical ventilation were risk factors for in-hospital mortality in both sexes.

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Viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are the main etiological agents of community‐acquired pneumonia in hospitalized pediatric patients in Spain

Abstract: Objectives: To describe the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in hospitalized children in Spain and analyze the predictors of the etiology. Hypothesis:The different etiological groups of pediatric CAP are associated with different clinical, radiographic, and analytical data.

Cited by 16 publications

References 40 publications

The correlation between fat-soluble vitamin levels and inflammatory factors in pediatric community-acquired pneumonia : a retrospective study.

The correlation between fat-soluble vitamin levels and inflammatory factors in pediatric community-acquired pneumonia : a retrospective study.

Comparison of pneumonia features in children caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 and other viral respiratory pathogens

Sex-differences in incidence of hospitalizations and in hospital mortality of community-acquired pneumonia among children in Spain: a population-based study

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