Viruses and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Is There Evidence for a Causal Association?

Bernstein, Çharles N.; Blanchard, James

doi:10.1097/00054725-200002000-00005

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Over the past decade there have been both epidemiological and tissue studies exploring the potential role of paramyxoviruses in IBD (81). A viral cause has been suggested for both CD and UC, and infections during childhood have been associated with an increased risk of IBD (60,(82)(83)(84).…”

Section: Paramyxovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bacterial Flora in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Insights in Pathogenesis and the Influence of Antibiotics and Probiotics

Linskens

Huijsdens

Savelkoul

et al. 2001

Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology

194

122

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Linskens RK, Huijsdens XW, Savelkoul PHM, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Meuwissen SGM. The bacterial flora in inflammatory bowel disease: current insights in pathogenesis and the influence of antibiotics and probiotics. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001;36 Suppl 234:29-40.The pathogenesis of in ammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unknown, although in recent years more data have become available. The contribution of genetic and environmental factors is evident, and the luminal bacterial ora plays a major role in the initiation and perpetuation of chronic IBD. Animal models of IBD have shown that colitis does not occur in a germ-free environment. In human IBD, in ammation is present in parts of the gut containing the highest bacterial concentrations. Moreover, the terminal ileum, caecum and rectum are areas of relative stasis, providing prolonged mucosal contact with luminal contents.Enhanced mucosal permeability may play a pivotal role in maintaining a chronic in ammatory state, due to a genetic predisposition or as a result of direct contact with bacteria or their products. A defective epithelial barrier may cause a loss of tolerance to the normal enteric ora. Furthermore, an increased mucosal absorption of viable bacteria and bacterial products is found in IBD. Serum and secreted antibodies are increased and mucosal T-lymphocytes that recognize luminal bacteria are present. However, there is evidence that the immune system reacts over aggressively towards the normal luminal ora rather than the ora being altered in IBD. Several approaches have been used in attempts to discover a speci c microbial agent in the cause of IBD. These include demonstration of the presence of organisms or speci c antigens in affected tissues, culture of microbes from the affected tissues, demonstration of serological responses to several agents, and localization and detection of individual pathogen-speci c nucleic acid sequences in affected tissue by in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. So far, no speci c micro-organism has been directly associated with the pathogenesis of IBD. Analysis of the luminal enteric ora, however, has revealed differences in the composition of this ora compared to healthy controls. In Crohn disease, concentrations of Bacteroides, Eubacteria and Peptostreptococcus are increased, whereas Bi dobacteria numbers are signi cantly reduced. Furthermore, in ulcerative colitis, concentrations of facultative anaerobic bacteria are increased. The arrival of new molecular techniques qualifying and quantifying the complex intestinal ora has induced a revival of interest in this micro ora.Therapeutic approaches geared towards changing the environment at the mucosal border have been attempted by the use of elemental diets, total parenteral nutrition, surgical diversion of the faecal stream and antibiotics. Over the past few years, the use of probiotics in IBD and other intestinal disorders has gained attention. Strengthened by promising experimental data and commercial interests, research in this eld is rapidly expandin...

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Section: Paramyxovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bacterial Flora in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Insights in Pathogenesis and the Influence of Antibiotics and Probiotics

Linskens

Huijsdens

Savelkoul

et al. 2001

Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology

194

122

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“… 3 , 4 Many viruses, including the herpesviridae, rubella, and measles viruses have been studied both serologically and in tissues, without any clear evidence of causal involvement in IBD. 5 , 6 The potential for viral infection to trigger loss of tolerance to bacteria on a specific genetic background associated with CD has been demonstrated in an animal model and underscores the need to further document viral involvement in patients with IBD. 7 , 8 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomic Analysis of Microbiome in Colon Tissue from Subjects with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Reveals Interplay of Viruses and Bacteria

Wang

Jovel

Halloran

et al. 2015

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

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“…The etiology and pathogenic mechanism underlying IBD remain largely elusive. Autoimmunity may play a central role in the pathogenic interplay between genetic predisposition, microbial infection and environmental insults [4] , [5] . Serological and other non-gastrointestinal signatures characteristic of autoimmune attack are commonly seen in IBD, especially evident in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease [6] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing Stem Cell Therapy in a Rat Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Role of Bone Marrow Stem Cells and Stem Cell Factor in Mucosal Regeneration

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThe gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal cells turnover regularly under physiological conditions, which may be stimulated in various pathological situations including inflammation. Local epithelial stem cells appear to play a major role in such mucosal renewal or pathological regeneration. Less is clear about the involvement of multipotent stem cells from blood in GI repair. We attempted to explore a role of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMMSCs) and soluble stem cell factor (SCF) in GI mucosa regeneration in a rat model of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).MethodsBMMSCs labelled with the fluorescent dye PKH26 from donor rats were transfused into rats suffering indomethacin-induced GI injury. Experimental effects by BMMSCs transplant and SCF were determined by morphometry of intestinal mucosa, double labeling of PKH26 positive BMMSCs with endogenous proliferative and intestinal cell markers, and western blot and PCR analyses of the above molecular markers in the recipient rats relative to controls.ResultsPKH26 positive BMMSCs were found in the recipient mucosa, partially colocalizing with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Lgr5, Musashi-1 and ephrin-B3. mRNA and protein levels of PCNA, Lgr5, Musashi-1 and ephrin-B3 were elevated in the intestine in BMMSCs-treated rats, most prominent in the BMMSCs-SCF co-treatment group. The mucosal layer and the crypt layer of the small intestine were thicker in BMMSCs-treated rats, more evident in the BMMSCs-SCF co-treatment group.ConclusionBMMSCs and SCF participate in but may play a synergistic role in mucosal cell regeneration following experimentally induced intestinal injury. Bone marrow stem cell therapy and SCF administration may be of therapeutic value in IBD.

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Viruses and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Is There Evidence for a Causal Association?

Cited by 9 publications

References 34 publications

The Bacterial Flora in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Insights in Pathogenesis and the Influence of Antibiotics and Probiotics

The Bacterial Flora in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Insights in Pathogenesis and the Influence of Antibiotics and Probiotics

Metagenomic Analysis of Microbiome in Colon Tissue from Subjects with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Reveals Interplay of Viruses and Bacteria

Testing Stem Cell Therapy in a Rat Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Role of Bone Marrow Stem Cells and Stem Cell Factor in Mucosal Regeneration

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