Viruses and miRNAs: More Friends than Foes

Bruscella, Patrice; Bottini, Silvia; Baudesson, Camille; Pawlotsky, Jean‐Michel; Féray, Cyrille; Trabucchi, Michèle

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00824

Cited by 182 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…It is proposed that this regulation might be key to maintaining latency while setting the appropriate threshold to respond to reactivation signals (Grey, 2015). At the same time, viral miRNAs can also directly interact with host mRNAs to regulate cellular networks that promote persistence, replication, and/or immune evasion (Bruscella et al, 2017;Cullen, 2006). For example, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded miRNA BART6 inhibits the induction of antiviral immune responses by targeting genes of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) signaling pathway (Lu et al, 2017), while miRNAs derived from the oncogenic human Kaposi's sarcoma-associated 2.3 | Cellular miRNA regulation and functions in defense Cellular (host) miRNAs regulate nearly every signaling pathway inside the cells and they work in concert with transcription factors to control initiation, maintenance, and resolution of cell response to injury and stress (Mendell & Olson, 2012 (Girardi, López, & Pfeffer, 2018;Trobaugh & Klimstra, 2017), which we will not duplicate.…”

Section: Functional Roles Of Viral Mirnas Inside Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular RNA in viral–host interactions: Thinking outside the cell

et al. 2019

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Small RNAs and their associated RNA interference (RNAi) pathways underpin diverse mechanisms of gene regulation and genome defense across all three kingdoms of life and are integral to virus–host interactions. In plants, fungi and many animals, an ancestral RNAi pathway exists as a host defense mechanism whereby viral double‐stranded RNA is processed to small RNAs that enable recognition and degradation of the virus. While this antiviral RNAi pathway is not generally thought to be present in mammals, other RNAi mechanisms can influence infection through both viral‐ and host‐derived small RNAs. Furthermore, a burgeoning body of data suggests that small RNAs in mammals can function in a non‐cell autonomous manner to play various roles in cell‐to‐cell communication and disease through their transport in extracellular vesicles. While vesicular small RNAs have not been proposed as an antiviral defense pathway per se, there is increasing evidence that the export of host‐ or viral‐derived RNAs from infected cells can influence various aspects of the infection process. This review discusses the current knowledge of extracellular RNA functions in viral infection and the technical challenges surrounding this field of research. This article is categorized under: Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > RNAi: Mechanisms of Action

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Section: Functional Roles Of Viral Mirnas Inside Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular RNA in viral–host interactions: Thinking outside the cell

et al. 2019

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“…Furthermore, different viral infections could differentially affect the expression level of certain miRNAs in common host. Also, dysregulation of miRNAs expression by a viral infection can play an essential role in several activities, including contributing to evasion of the host's immune system, cell survival promotion, regulation of viral gene expression, and maintenance of latent and persistent viral infection …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, dysregulation of miRNAs expression by a viral infection can play an essential role in several activities, including contributing to evasion of the host's immune system, cell survival promotion, regulation of viral gene expression, and maintenance of latent and persistent viral infection. 5 Different miRNAs have been known as tumorsuppressive or tumor-promoting (oncomiR) biomarkers based on target gene character. Tumor-suppressive miRNAs can target cancer-inducing genes and their expression levels decrease in cancer cells.…”

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confidence: 99%

The role of miR‐146a in viral infection

et al. 2019

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Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified as a key player in the posttranscriptional regulation of cellular‐genes regulatory pathways. They also emerged as a significant regulator of the immune response. In particular, miR‐146a acts as an importance modulator of function and differentiation cells of the innate and adaptive immunity. It has been associated with disorder including cancer and viral infections. Given its significance in the regulation of key cellular processes, it is not surprising which virus infection have found ways to dysregulation of miRNAs. miR‐146a has been identified in exosomes (exosomal miR‐146a). After the exosomes release from donor cells, they are taken up by the recipient cell and probably the exosomal miR‐146a is able to modulate the antiviral response in the recipient cell and result in making them more susceptible to virus infection. In this review, we discuss recent reports regarding miR‐146a expression levels, target genes, function, and contributing role in the pathogenesis of the viral infection and provide a clue to develop the new therapeutic and preventive strategies for viral disease in the future.

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“…9–11 Similarly panel of host miRNAs also defines key steps during viral latency and viral activation. 10,12 HCMV encoded sncRNAs like miR-UL148D and miR-UL112-1 allows successful viral latency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HHV-6 encoded small non-coding RNAs define an intermediate and early stage in viral reactivation

et al. 2018

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Human herpesvirus 6A and 6B frequently acquires latency. HHV-6 activation has been associated with various human diseases. Germ line inheritance of chromosomally integrated HHV-6 makes viral DNA-based analysis difficult for determination of early stages of viral activation. We characterized early stages of HHV-6 activation using high throughput transcriptomics studies and applied the results to understand virus activation under clinical conditions. Using a latent HHV-6A cell culture model in U2OS cells, we identified an early stage of viral reactivation, which we define as transactivation that is marked by transcription of several viral small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in the absence of detectable increase in viral replication and proteome. Using deep sequencing approaches, we detected previously known as well as a new viral sncRNAs that characterized viral transactivation and differentiated it from latency. Here we show changes in human transcriptome upon viral transactivation that reflect multiple alterations in mitochondria-associated pathways, which was supported by observation of increased mitochondrial fragmentation in virus reactivated cells. Furthermore, we present here a unique clinical case of DIHS/DRESS associated death where HHV-6 sncRNA-U14 was abundantly detected throughout the body of the patient in the presence of low viral DNA. In this study, we have identified a unique and early stage of viral activation that is characterized by abundant transcription of viral sncRNAs, which can serve as an ideal biomarker under clinical conditions.

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Viruses and miRNAs: More Friends than Foes

Cited by 182 publications

References 111 publications

Extracellular RNA in viral–host interactions: Thinking outside the cell

Extracellular RNA in viral–host interactions: Thinking outside the cell

The role of miR‐146a in viral infection

HHV-6 encoded small non-coding RNAs define an intermediate and early stage in viral reactivation

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