Viruses in the stools.

Madeley, C. R.

doi:10.1136/jcp.32.1.1

Cited by 56 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…On the basis of morphology alone, a host of viruses have been discovered, e. g. Norwalk agents, rotaviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruscs, coronaviruses and small round virus (srv) particles (27). On the basis of morphology alone, a host of viruses have been discovered, e. g. Norwalk agents, rotaviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruscs, coronaviruses and small round virus (srv) particles (27).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric adenoviruses

Albert

1986

Archives of Virology

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric adenoviruses

Albert

1986

Archives of Virology

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“…However, TEM initially failed to detect agents for other diseases, such as hepatitis and gastroenteritis, because the causal viruses could not be propagated in cell cultures in vitro. Nevertheless, the application of TEM to “dirty” clinical samples, such as plasma, urine and feces in the 1970s constituted a major breakthrough for studies of these viruses . The etiologic agents of hepatitis B and A were detected in plasma and stool samples, respectively.…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus detection by transmission electron microscopy: Still useful for diagnosis and a plus for biosafety

Roingeard

Raynal

Eymieux

et al. 2018

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Summary Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the only imaging technique allowing the direct visualization of viruses, due to its nanometer‐scale resolution. Between the 1960s and 1990s, TEM contributed to the discovery of many types of viruses and served as a diagnostic tool for identifying viruses directly in biological samples, either in suspension or in sections of tissues or mammalian cells grown in vitro in contact with clinical samples. The diagnosis of viral infections improved considerably during the 1990s, with the advent of highly sensitive techniques, such as enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR, rendering TEM obsolete for this purpose. However, the last 20 years have demonstrated the utility of this technique in particular situations, due to its “catch‐all” nature, making diagnosis possible through visualization of the virus, without the need of prior assumptions about the infectious agent sought. Thus, in several major outbreaks in which molecular techniques failed to identify the infectious agent, TEM provided the answer. TEM is also still occasionally used in routine diagnosis to characterize infections not diagnosed by molecular assays. It is also used to check the microbiological safety of biological products. Many biopharmaceuticals are produced in animal cells that might contain little‐known, difficult‐to‐detect viruses. In this context, the “catch‐all” properties of TEM make it possible to document the presence of viruses or virus‐like particles in these products.

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“…Viruses such as rotavirus, adenovirus type 40/41, calcivirus, astrovirus, and the small round virus group -for example, Norwalk virus-are refractory to isolation but may be detected readily on a negatively stained electron microscopy grid. 12 For many of these viruses electron microscopy is not just a rapid method (results are available within 20 minutes); it is the only method. Direct electron microscopy, in which a clarified faecal suspension is placed directly on to a plastic coated grid and stained with a heavy metal salt solution, is insensitive.…”

Section: Gastrointestinal Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%