Visceral Gout in Coastal and Oceanic Seabirds in Paraná, Southern of Brazil

Abstract

Background: Owing to the abundance, wide distribution, long life cycles and higher positions in the throfic levels, seabirds are considered sentinels of hazards and negative anthropogenic impacts to marine ecosystems. Gout is a a common disease affecting birds, but also occurs in other taxa, including mammals and reptiles. The aim of this study was to elucidate the occurrence and pathological findings of gout cases in different species of seabirds, including biological and ecological factors that may contribute to disease.Cases: The urate crystals were observed in ten seabirds stranded, classified in eight species: four oceanic species - two Puffinus puffinus, one Macronectis giganteus, one Thalassarche melanophris, one Calonectris sp. and four coastal species - one Fregata magnifiscens, two Sula leucogaster, one Phalacrocorax brasilianus and one Rynchops niger. A total of seven animals were stranded alive and three were found dead; four animals were male and six were female; six were juveniles and four were mature. The nutritional condition was cachectic in four animals, poor in five and fair in one. The main clinical sign in alive animals was dehydration (7/7; 100%). The treatment consisted of standard support including fluid therapy and temperature stabilization; in addition, vitamins, amino acids, minerals and antibiotics (sulfonamide or enrofloxacin) were given, but the animals died between 1 and 13 days after rehabilitation entrance. Gout was associated with cachectic condition and autumn stranding (in comparison with summer stranding). The main macroscopic findings were observed in the kidneys, which were whitish and enlarged and all had microscopic evidence of multifocal, mild to marked renal crystal urate deposition. In two cases, urates deposition were observed in multiple organs, including liver, spleen, lung, epicardium and kidney in two cases, indicating severe visceral gout.The gout was considered the ultimate cause of death in three cases, and in the remaining cases, the main lesion associated with death was trauma (n = 2), infectious enteritis (n = 2), systemic infection (n = 1), myocardial necrosis (n = 1) and cachexia syndrome. The contributing factors for urate deposition were metabolic imbalances, chronic dehydration and overdoses of protein supplements. Discussion:The ten cases described above constitute a rare report of visceral gout in free-living and in rehabilitation seabirds and contributes towards understanding the prevalence and pathogeny of gout in stranded oceanic and coastal animals off southern Brazil. Similar prevalence of gout was observed among free-ranging birds of other reports,but it was considered lower when compared to 21.5% and 23.3% affected captive/broilers. The difference observed may be influenced by the population analysed, but also by the gout pathogeny and environmental conditions. Among the possible causes of gout, dehydration was observed in all gout-affetected animals stranded alive, a change usually observed in debilitated/stranded animals that probably has contributed to the disease. Additionally, the poor/cachectic condition noticed in the majority of seabirds indicates a nutritional disorder, also a cause promoting visceral gout. In the present study, accumulation of urate crystals was predominantly limited to the kidneys and associated with inflammatory infiltrate, suggesting a chronic process. The results of this study support the hypothesis that visceral gout is a complex consequence of multiple factors affecting both free-living and rehabilitated seabirds. Therefore, further investigation of the other possible causes, frequency and consequences for coastal and oceanic species is indispensable.

Hallazgos necroscópicos de gota úrica visceral en loris arcoíris (Trichoglossus haematodus): Reporte de caso

“…Por fim, congestão pulmonar difusa e infiltrado inflamatório heterofílico focal no parênquima renal. Já os achados em aves marinhas costeiras e oceânicas, descritos por Nobrega et al (2020) incluem estruturas multifocais fracamente eosinofílicas e radiantes, substituindo o parênquima renal circundado por necrose e infiltrado histiocítico, caracterizando tofo gotoso, esses se encontraram predominantes nos rins, mas também foram observados em fígado, baço, pulmão, epicárdio. Como o acúmulo de cristais de urato prejudica o funcionamento de órgãos-chave (Harrison;McDonald, 2006) surgiu a hipótese de que o animal já estava em estado crítico avançado quando recebeu a dose de metoclopramida.…”

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“…Outras causas para o surgimento de lesão renal incluem o uso de medicamento nefrotóxicos, má perfusão sanguínea, pouca atividade física, desidratação, estresse (Bandyopadhyay, 2017), neoplasias renais (Nobrega et al, 2020) e amiloidose (Lierz, 2003). Nos casos de desidratação, há diminuição do fluxo da urina levando ao depósito dos cristais dentro dos túbulos com reações inflamatórias graves e nefrite.…”

“…Embora não tão comuns, as causas infecciosas de lesão renal não devem ser deixadas de lado. Doenças infecciosas como criptosporidiose, bronquite infecciosa nefropatogênica, astrovírus de frango, vírus da nefrite aviaria e adenovírus aviário podem resultar em lesões renais (Nobrega et al, 2020). Alguns desses, como o vírus da nefrite aviária e as cepas nefropatogênicas do vírus da bronquite infecciosa, podem atuar causando danos primários aos rins pela deposição de complexo de antígenoanticorpos no glomérulo.…”

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“…A segunda causa de morte não infecciosa foi afogamento primário ou secundário à emaciação, ao trauma e à interação antrópica. O afogamento primário apresenta características anatomopatológicas similares às descritas previamente (EWBANK et al, 2020;HAMEL et al, 2009;GERDIN, 2016;FISHER, 2017) NÓBREGA et al, 2020;FINK et al, 2018). A pericardite fibrinosa foi relatada em um exemplar de Tyto alba com gota úrica visceral por Sales et al (2015), o que corrobora com os achados descritos.…”