“…The methods of doping titanate nanotubes with ions depend on the specific application. The examples of ions that are often used are Fe 3+ [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ], Co 2+ [ 39 , 40 , 41 ], Ni 2+ [ 39 ], Mn 2+ [ 42 ], Gd 3+ [ 43 ], Yb 3+ [ 44 ], Nd 3+ [ 44 ], Au 3+ [ 45 ], Pt 2+ [ 45 ]. They show how diverse the methods of doping TiO 2 nanotubes are.…”