“…A wide variety of methods, such as LiDAR (Wang et al, 2020), RADAR (Han et al, 2019), inertial guidance (Gu et al, 2016; Song et al, 2022), vision (Marmol et al, 2019; Song et al, 2022), global navigation satellite system (GNSS) (Gu et al, 2016; Imperoli et al, 2018), and WiFi (Chen et al, 2017) have been utilized for self‐localization in a diverse range of robot or automatic systems which usually adopt multiple sorts of sensors for complementarity. These technologies support stable and reliable services in unpredictable environments of diverse robots: service robots such as robot vacuum cleaners, industrial robots, and autonomous vehicles (Costanzo et al, 2022; Kuutti et al, 2018; Ribacki et al, 2018). Consequently, they have had a substantial impact in bringing robotics technology from the laboratory to the market.…”