“…Electrophysiological signals contain a wealth of information about human activity 1 and are widely used in the fields of cardiovascular disease diagnosis, neurological therapy, health monitoring, and human-computer interactions. [2][3][4][5] When the human body carries out physiological activities, such as brain thinking, heart beating and muscle movement, excitable cells throughout the body continuously generate potential changes and transmit electrical signals, generating a constantly changing electric field in the entire internal space of the human body. 6 Low-level ionic currents (i.e., electrophysiological signals) present in different parts of the body can be directly measured by using electrodes, 7 and therefore, as the main collection element of electrophysiological signals, the quality of electrodes is directly related to the quality of electrophysiological signals.…”