Vision in the presence of known natural retinal image motion

Steinman, Robert M.; Levinson, John Z.; Collewijn, H.; Steen, J. van der

doi:10.1364/josaa.2.000226

Cited by 175 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Our work is closely related to studies (e.g., Patterson & Fox, 1984b;Steinman & Collewijn, 1980;Steinman, Levinson, Collewijn, & van der Steen, 1983) that have shown that excellent stereopsis can be obtained when a subject's head is moving. The usual interpretation of these data is that stereopsis can occur even when strict correspondence is incomplete.…”

supporting

confidence: 55%

Stereoscopic perception with brief exposures

Uttal

Davis²,

Welke³

1994

Perception & Psychophysics

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In this report we describe the results of an experiment in which we demonstrated that a powerful and compelling stereoscopic experience is elicited with very brief (< 1 msec) stimulus durations. The observers were highly successful in recognizing briefly flashed, stereoscopic, random-dot surfaces in the absence of monocular contours. The results are shown to be closely related to the range of depths for any stimulus form; however, the recognition thresholds were nonmonotonic as a function of disparity. Previous investigators have disagreed about the existence of a temporal threshold for stereopsis. We believe that prior findings suggesting that stereopsis cannot occur at short exposure durations are probably due to inadequate control of fixation disparity. Therefore, there is poor dichoptic image registration when a stereoscopic stimulus is presented. The present results also raise difficulties for any theory of stereopsis that requires eye movements.How long must a stimulus last for stereoscopic perception to occur when there are no monocular cues? There is some dispute over this question in the literature. Lehmkuhle and Fox (1980), who studied the effect of stereoscopic depth on metacontrast masking (produced by random-dot stereograms), demonstrated perceived depths at stimulus durations as low as 50 msec. On the other hand, Richards (1977) reported that depth in briefly presented random-dot stereograms cannot be perceived (unless monocular cues are present) when stimulus durations are less than 200 msec. Richards asserted that eye movements are necessary for many subjects to see random-dot stereograms.In this paper, we demonstrate that brevity of exposure is not an obstacle to high-quality stereoscopic depth perception even when there are no monocular cues, provided that the dichoptic display is properly registered on corresponding retinal points at the moment the dichoptic stimulus is presented. That is, the retinal disparity at the fixation point should be close to zero, and the line of sight should not have to be adjusted to achieve zero fixation disparity. We proved this point by presenting a dichoptic, random-dot stereogram for a total duration of less than 1 msec in an experimental situation in which subjects' eyes were appropriately preconverged. In pilot studies, it was shown that stimuli ofthis kind did not lead to any measurable stereoscopic shape recognition if the eyes were not converged at the necessary small fixation

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supporting

confidence: 55%

Stereoscopic perception with brief exposures

Uttal

Davis²,

Welke³

1994

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…A more likely explanation is that MT lacks explicit relative disparity signals that are needed for fine disparity discrimination (Westheimer, 1979;Prince et al, 2000). Under normal viewing conditions, and especially in the presence of head and eye movements, vergence angle can be fairly unstable (Steinman et al, 1982;Steinman et al, 1985;Collewijn et al, 1991). Neurons that explicitly code relative disparities would be impervious to vergence errors, and would thus allow better discrimination of fine relative disparities.…”

Section: Disparity Sensitivity In Mt Versus V1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking Neural Representation to Function in Stereoscopic Depth Perception: Roles of the Middle Temporal Area in Coarse versus Fine Disparity Discrimination

Uka

DeAngelis

2006

Journal of Neuroscience

116

152

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Neurons selective for binocular disparity form the neural substrate for stereoscopic depth perception and are found in several areas of primate visual cortex. Presumably, multiple representations of disparity exist to serve different functions, but the specific contributions of different visual areas to depth perception remain poorly understood. We examine this issue by comparing the contributions of the middle temporal (MT) area to performance of two depth discrimination tasks: a "coarse" task that involves discrimination between absolute disparities in the presence of noise, and a "fine" task that involves discrimination of very small differences in relative disparity between two stimuli in the absence of noise. In the fine task, we find that electrical microstimulation of MT does not affect perceptual decisions, although many individual MT neurons have sufficient sensitivity to account for behavioral performance. In contrast, microstimulation at the same recording sites does bias depth percepts in the coarse task. We hypothesized that these results may be explained by the fact that MT neurons do not represent relative disparity signals that are thought to be essential for the fine task. This hypothesis was supported by single-unit recordings that show that MT neurons signal absolute, but not relative, disparities in a stimulus configuration similar to that used in the fine task. This work establishes a link between the neural representation of disparity in MT and the functional contributions of this area to depth perception.

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“…Experiments have clearly shown, however, that large variations in retinal disparities are (a)not perceived when applied globally over a large visual area and (b)have little to no effect on stereoscopic acuity for detecting a small local depth difference (Erkelens & Collewijn, 1985a, 1985bLappin & Craft, 1997, 2000Regan et al, 1986;Steinman, Levinson, Collewijn, & van der Steen, 1985;van Ee & Erkelens, 1996;Westheimer & McKee, 1978). Lappin and Craft (2000), for example, independently jittered each monocular image, with 10-Hz random horizontal and vertical shifts; the horizontal image shifts averaged (r.m.s.)…”

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confidence: 99%

Fechner, information, and shape perception

Lappin

Norman

Phillips

2011

Atten Percept Psychophys

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How do retinal images lead to perceived environmental objects? Vision involves a series of spatial and material transformations-from environmental objects to retinal images, to neurophysiological patterns, and finally to perceptual experience and action. A rationale for understanding functional relations among these physically different systems occurred to Gustav Fechner: Differences in sensation correspond to differences in physical stimulation. The concept of information is similar: Relationships in one system may correspond to, and thus represent, those in another. Criteria for identifying and evaluating information include (a)resolution, or the precision of correspondence; (b)uncertainty about which input (output) produced a given output (input); and (c)invariance, or the preservation of correspondence under transformations of input and output. We apply this framework to psychophysical evidence to identify visual information for perceiving surfaces. The elementary spatial structure shared by objects and images is the second-order differential structure of local surface shape. Experiments have shown that human vision is directly sensitive to this higher-order spatial information from interimage disparities (stereopsis and motion parallax), boundary contours, texture, shading, and combined variables. Psychophysical evidence contradicts other common ideas about retinal information for spatial vision and object perception. The fundamental problem of vision is to understand how retinal images lead to perceived environmental objects Spatial vision is so marvelously effective that usually it is taken for granted. We perceive environmental objects but not the visual instrument by which they are revealed. Spatial vision pervades our conscious experience, but our understanding of the underlying visual mechanisms has substantial gaps.Gaps in understanding occur especially at the interfaces between visual subsystems, where information is transferred from one physical and spatial format to another. How does vision transcend vast changes in format-involving 3-D objects and spaces, 2-D optical images, neural spike trains and synaptic interactions in multiple neural areas, conscious perceptions, and behavioral actions? How do immaterial knowledge and experience arise from material objects and events? The present article offers a theoretical framework for addressing these issues-based on the concept of information, involving corresponding relational structures in physically separate domains. We describe criteria for identifying and evaluating structural correspondence and then apply these criteria to research on shape perception. Fechner' s insightIn the 19th century, Gustav Fechner struggled for years to find a scientific rationale for linking the material and mental worlds. Material objects have mass and spatial extent, but mental experience has neither. Some have concluded that mental events belong to a spiritual world. Fechner, however, believed that mind and body are inseparable and that mental events are emerg...

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Vision in the presence of known natural retinal image motion

Cited by 175 publications

References 15 publications

Stereoscopic perception with brief exposures

Stereoscopic perception with brief exposures

Linking Neural Representation to Function in Stereoscopic Depth Perception: Roles of the Middle Temporal Area in Coarse versus Fine Disparity Discrimination

Fechner, information, and shape perception

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