Vision of Young Children

Lippmann, Otto

doi:10.1001/archopht.1969.00990010765003

Cited by 39 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In recent years a number of authors [1, 2, 4, 5, 8-10, 12, 14, 15, 24, 27] have been involved with the problems of visual acuity and stereopsis and with the testing of these functions, and a range of new tests and methods has been developed [e.g. 10,11,13,[16][17][18]21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual acuity and stereopsis between the ages of 5 and 10 years

Schmid

Largo

1986

Eur J Pediatr

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The development of visual acuity and stereopsis was studied in 321 boys and 340 girls aged between 5 and 10 years. Visual acuity was assessed by the E test and a modified version of the STYCAR test, stereo acuity by the Lang-Stereo test [17]. Both vision tests showed an increase in the median visual acuity between the ages of 5 and 10 years. The E test indicated an increase from 1.2 between 5 and 6 years to 1.5-1.7 between 7 and 10 years. The values obtained with the STYCAR test were 0.6-1.3 higher, depending on the test rating used. Visual acuity norms between 5 and 10 years are presented as empirical centile curves. No significant differences were observed in visual acuity between the left and right eyes, nor between the sexes. The right eye was found to be the leading eye in 54.8% of the boys and 54.5% of the girls (P less than 0.001). The Lang-Stereo test was passed by 87.9%-94.3% of all children, and there were no significant differences with respect to age and sex. Children who failed the test had a significantly lower visual acuity than those who passed it. In the former group a significant interocular difference in visual acuity was present (P less than 0.01).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual acuity and stereopsis between the ages of 5 and 10 years

Schmid

Largo

1986

Eur J Pediatr

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“…3,17 One related set of 6 optotypes (XVOHUY) has been incorporated into the Glasgow acuity cards, 18 which presents lines of 4 letters surrounded by a crowding box. The simplest form of the STYCAR is the wellknown 4-letter HOTV subset, which was described by Lippmann 19 in 1969 and extensively studied by Friendly 13 in 1978.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Amblyopia Treatment Study Visual Acuity Testing Protocol

Holmes¹

2001

Arch Ophthalmol

290

249

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To evaluate the reliability of a new visual acuity testing protocol for children using isolated surrounded HOTV optotypes.Methods: After initial pilot testing and modification, the protocol was evaluated using the Baylor-Video Acuity Tester (BVAT) to present isolated surrounded HOTV optotypes. At 6 sites, the protocol was evaluated for testability in 178 children aged 2 to 7 years and for reliability in a subset of 88 children. Twenty-eight percent of the 178 children were classified as having amblyopia.Results: Using the modified protocol, testability ranged from 24% in 2-year-olds to 96% in 5-to 7-year-olds. Test-retest reliability was high (r=0.82), with 93% of retest scores within 0.1 logMAR unit of the initial test score. The 95% confidence interval for an acuity score was calculated to be the score ±0.125 logMAR unit. For a change between 2 acuity scores, the 95% confidence interval was the difference ±0.18 logMAR unit. Conclusions:The visual acuity protocol had a high level of testability in 3-to 7-year-olds and excellent testretest reliability. The protocol has been incorporated into the multicenter Amblyopia Treatment Study and has wide potential application for standardizing visual acuity testing in children.

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“…Allen, 1957; Sheridan, 1960; Savitz et al. , 1965; Lippmann, 1969, 1971). In particular, both testability and scores of visual acuity were found to decrease with increase of the test distance in 3‐year‐olds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual acuity in 5–7‐year‐old children: individual variability and dependence on observation distance

Рожкова

Podugolnikova

Vasiljeva

2005

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Accurate measurements of uncorrected binocular and monocular visual acuity were performed in 65 children aged 5-7 years at five viewing distances in the range 0.5-5.0 m by means of the test charts containing widely spaced E stimuli in four orientations. It was found that, in most children of this age, visual acuity (V) changed with test distance, as had been reported previously with older subjects. Visual acuity could be considered as practically independent of observation distance (Vmax-Vmin

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Vision of Young Children

Cited by 39 publications

References 18 publications

Visual acuity and stereopsis between the ages of 5 and 10 years

Visual acuity and stereopsis between the ages of 5 and 10 years

The Amblyopia Treatment Study Visual Acuity Testing Protocol

Visual acuity in 5–7‐year‐old children: individual variability and dependence on observation distance

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