Visual acuity of cattle determined by the method of discrimination learning

Entsu, S.; Dohi, Hiroshi; Yamada, Akihisa

doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(05)80052-8

Cited by 42 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Static visual acuity in sheep is much worse than humans. A similar ruminant, cattle, are also known to have weak visual acuity (Entsu, Dohi and Yamada, 1992) and also poor brightness perception (Phillips and Weiguo, 1991) compared with humans at a distance of about 5 m. However the possibility that sheep can use visual cues to discriminate objects close to them should not be dismissed, since Baldwin (1986 and and Kendrick (1994) report electrophysiological activity in response to slowly approaching food, initially 1 m away. Relatively clear near vision could be achieved by a combination of a tapetum and a large retinal image, both of which are possessed by the sheep's eye.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The eye of the domesticated sheep with implications for vision

Piggins¹,

Phillips

1996

Anim. Sci.

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The eyes of eighteen female sheep fOvis aries) were refracted and details of inter ocular distance, pupil size, shape and fundus presence recorded. The sheep eyes generally possessed very low hyperopia with little astigmatism, such physiological optics being expected to produce a well focused retinal image for objects in the middle and long distance. No evidence was found for accommodation, which would have produced a well focused ocular image for near objects. A further 10 sheep had their monocular and binocular visual fields measured. The estimated visual field suggests the existence of at least binocular vision, if not the presence of stereopsis. Given the lack of accommodation and a wide inter-ocular distance, it is likely that some degree of stereopsis exists in the animal's middle and long distance vision, but is absent in near vision. These findings support those taken from the animal's neurophysiology and observations of its visually guided behaviour.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The eye of the domesticated sheep with implications for vision

Piggins¹,

Phillips

1996

Anim. Sci.

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“…Entsu (1989) trained cattle to learn shape discrimination in order to determine their visual acuity, and reported that the score for Japanese Black cattle was between 0.045-0.083 (Entsu et al 1992). Manda et al (1993) also reported the similar data for Holstein cows and Japanese Black cattle.…”

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confidence: 95%

“…Sheep have also been able to discriminate between different colors and have been expected to utilize this ability to control their behavior (Tanaka et al 1989a,b). Studies on the visual acuity of farm animals, however, are limited (Yamamoto et al 1987, Entsu et al 1992, Manda et al 1993, and the visual acuity of sheep has not been studied yet.…”

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Studies on the visual acuity of sheep using shape discrimination learning

et al. 1995

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--Two experiments were conducted to determine the visual acuity of sheep.Three ewes were trained to discriminate between a Landolt ring and an ordinary ring of equal size associated with feed. The left and right positions of the 2 targets were shifted according to the Gellermann series. After the ewes were fully trained, their visual acuity was determined by changing the size of the rings or the distance from the target. The ewes were subjected daily to 1 or 2 sessions which consisted of 30 trials each. The criterion of successful discrimination was 2 (Exp. I) or 3 (Exp. II) consecutive sessions with more than 21 correct choices (P<0.05, Chi-square test). The best scores of visual acuity in the 3 ewes were 0.085, 0.095 and 0.19, respectively.

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“…Offen blieb jedoch dabei die Frage nach der Art des Farbsehvermögens, danach, ob Rinder di-, tri-oder polychromatisch sehen. Wichtige Erkenntnisse wurden mit Experimenten erzielt, in denen verschiedene Futterzusätze oder verschiedene Futterkonservierungsarten durch das Wahlverhalten der Tiere beurteilt wurden (KLOPFER u.a., 1981;ARAVE u.a., 1985ARAVE u.a., , 1988ARAVE u.a., , 1990ARAVE u.a., , 1991WIEDMEIER u.a., 1994 Purcell, 1991Kilgour, 1991Arave, 1992Entsu, 1992Arave, 1993Wiedmeier, 1994Grandin, 1994Arave, 1996 (KUDRYAVTZEW, 1962;POLTEN, 1974;PORZIG u.a., 1979;HEFFNER und HEFFNER, 1983;HOONHOUT, 1984 Value of a masking agent or feed flavor in enhancing preference for concentTate with added processed chicken exerete. 3.…”

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Methode zur Untersuchung der Lernfähigkeit von Kälbern in Gruppenhaltung und Ergebnisse bei visuellen Differenzierungsaufgaben

Franz

1999

Arch. Anim. Breed.

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SummaryTitle of the paper: Method to assess the learning ability of group-housed calves and results of visual discrimination tasks Assessing the sensory capacity and learning ability of farm animals will be of increasing importance for the evaluation of animal welfare in order to develop new efficient farming technologies which seriously consider the animals' well-being. The more-arm-maze test using optic signalling proved to be a useful method to assess the learning ability of singel or group-housed calves. Each test box consisted of 3 Stands per calf arranged side by side (stand dimensions: 1.00 m long, 0.30 m wide and 1.50 m high, wooden walls). The Stands could be distinguished by coloured lamps or black visual patterns of different shapes, projeeted on a white plastic panel above the entrance as Stimuli. Chosing the right (conditioned) Stimulus the calves were rewarded by milk (unconditioned Stimulus) when suckling at the dispenser. Given a random expectation of 33 %, the calves reached at least 70 % correct choiees already at the 4th test day.

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Visual acuity of cattle determined by the method of discrimination learning

Cited by 42 publications

References 5 publications

The eye of the domesticated sheep with implications for vision

The eye of the domesticated sheep with implications for vision

Studies on the visual acuity of sheep using shape discrimination learning

Methode zur Untersuchung der Lernfähigkeit von Kälbern in Gruppenhaltung und Ergebnisse bei visuellen Differenzierungsaufgaben

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