Visual Aids for Landing in Bad Visibility with Particular Reference to the Transition from Instrument to Visual Flight

Calvert, E. S.

doi:10.1177/147715355001500601

Cited by 19 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…That is, everything on a particular figure eight, or bagel-shaped surface, around the observer's eye moves away from the aimpoint at equal absolute velocity (i.e., ignoring direction). Thus far, we have not deviated from the work of Calvert (1950Calvert ( , 1954, J. J. Gibson (1947Gibson ( , 1950, or ; we have simply presented a different representation of the optical flow field, which can be generalized to a space filled with clutter.…”

Section: Optical Flow As a 3d Vector Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In "pure" optical flow (for a linear movement path), there is a point from which all vectors radiate. The locus of this point has often been thought to be used as the aimpoint for wayfinding (Calvert, 1950;J. J. Gibson, 1950J.…”

Section: Accuracy Needed and A Rule Of Thumbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gibson, 1947Gibson, , 1950Calvert, 1950) have a curious property. That is, they do not assume that the observer is traveling through a rigid environment.…”

Section: Experiments 9: Wayfmding From Retinal and Optical Flow Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wayfinding on foot from information in retinal, not optical, flow.

Cutting¹,

Springer²,

Braren³

et al. 1992

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

214

321

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People find their way through cluttered environments with ease and without injury. How do they do it? Two approaches to wayfmding are considered: Differential motion parallax (DMP) is a retinal motion invariant of near and far objects moving against fixation; the information in optical flow (IOF) is a radial pattern of vectors, relying on decomposition of retinal flow. Evidence is presented that DMP guides wayfinding during natural gait, accounting for errors as well as correct responses. Evidence against IOF is also presented, and a space-time aliasing artifact that can contaminate IOF displays is explored. Finally, DMP and IOF are separated, showing they can yield different results in different environments. Thus, it is concluded that (a) DMP and IOF are different, (b) DMP and not IOF is used for wayfinding, (c) moving observers do not usually decompose retinal flow, and (d) optical flow may be a mathematical fiction with no psychological reality.One of the most compelling of all visual phenomena occurs when one hurtles through the environment. The resulting radial streams of motion by surrounding objects, sometimes called optical flow, have captured the imagination of writers, artists, and cinematographers, as well as psychologists, neuroscientists, and computer scientists. This global motion was probably first noticed by the general populace in the mid19th century, but then only in industrializing nations and with the widespread use of railroads.The reasons for the relatively recent focus on optical flow are probably threefold: On a train one could, for the first time, travel (a) at velocities greater than about 4 eye heights/ s for a sustained period of time; 1 (b) on a relatively smooth roadbed that eliminated the bouncing caused by one's own footfall or that of a horse, or by the jostling of a coach; and (c) with free time to look about, unfettered by the demands of guiding one's course through the environment. Naturally, railway travel offered much more than noticeable optical flow. Not all of it was good. Indeed, around 1860 The Lancet published a series of articles on putative ill effects of rail travel This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BNS-8818971 to James E. Cutting.Experiment 1 was reported at the 30th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Atlanta, November 1989; parts of Experiments 2 and 3 at the Society's 31st Annual Meeting, New Orleans, November 1990; and parts of Experiments 7 and 8 at its 32nd Annual Meeting, San Francisco, November 1991. Experiments 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 were also reported at a perception-action workshop at Storrs, Connecticut, in July 1990.We thank Laurence G. Kaplan for initial and sustaining help in programming the Personal Iris Workstation; David Sabean for discussions of 19th-century perception; Gretchen Van de Walle, Jack Loomis, and several anonymous reviewers for their comments; and Julian Hochberg and Nan Karwan for various discussions of this project over the past 6 yearsCorrespondence concerning this article should be addressed to J...

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Section: Optical Flow As a 3d Vector Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accuracy Needed and A Rule Of Thumbmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Wayfinding on foot from information in retinal, not optical, flow.

Cutting¹,

Springer²,

Braren³

et al. 1992

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

214

321

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Cues: A lack of global and local objects or terrain features fails to produce the perception of the runway as a surface plane on the ground (7,8,19).…”

Section: -Lack Of Terrain Orientationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Spatial Disorientation: Re-Visiting the Black Hole Illusion

Gibb¹

2007

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The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewirg instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of informstion, including suggestions for reducing the burden, experienced by pilots. A BHI environment refers not to the landing runway but the environment surrounding the runway and the lack of ecological cues for a pilot to proceed visually. The problem is that pilots, despite the lack of visual cues, confidently proceed with a visual approach.The featureless landing environment may induce a pilot into feeling steep (above the correct glide path) and over-estimate their perceived angle of descent (PAD) to the runway.Consequently, a pilot may initiate an unnecessary and aggressive descent resulting in an approach angle far too shallow (below the correct glide path to landing) to guarantee obstacle clearance. This review addresses two questions. One, why do pilots over-estimate their PAD?And two, if visual SD is such a well-researched and documented phenomenon, why does visual SD still continue to contribute to aviation accidents today? Based on previous research, eight reasons are hypothesized as why a pilot over-estimates PAD. Also, a historical review of the BHI is presented as well as a discussion of past research and accident investigations that demonstrate inconsistencies regarding the state of the BHI.

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“…Gibson (1950) and Calvert (1950) first considered the notion of optic flow. As the aircratt approaches the runway, everything expands in an apparent outward motion with the exception of the touchdown focal point that has an optic flow expansion of zero (Grosz et al, 1995;Thom, 1992).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Importance of the Visual Cues to the Timing of the Landing Flare

Benbassat¹

2005

JAAER

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Visual Aids for Landing in Bad Visibility with Particular Reference to the Transition from Instrument to Visual Flight

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Wayfinding on foot from information in retinal, not optical, flow.

Wayfinding on foot from information in retinal, not optical, flow.

Visual Spatial Disorientation: Re-Visiting the Black Hole Illusion

Perceived Importance of the Visual Cues to the Timing of the Landing Flare

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