Visual Control of Adaptive Locomotion and Changes Due to Natural Ageing

Hollands, Mark A.; Hollands, Kristen; Rietdyk, Shirley

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48980-3_5

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…There are discrepancies in previous findings regarding age-related changes in obstacle avoidance (i.e., presence or absence of age-related changes in obstacle avoidance behavior) 16 , 17 . Furthermore, the effects of age-related cognitive decline on the human trailing limb movements during obstacle avoidance are not well known.…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

Association of age-related cognitive and obstacle avoidance performances

Sakurai

Kodama

Ozawa

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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An association between cognitive impairment and tripping over obstacles during locomotion in older adults has been suggested. However, owing to its memory-guided movement, whether this is more pronounced in the trailing limb is poorly known. We examined age-related changes in stepping over, focusing on trailing limb movements, and their association with cognitive performance. Age-related changes in obstacle avoidance were examined by comparing the foot kinematics of 105 older and 103 younger adults when stepping over an obstacle. The difference in the clearance between the leading and trailing limbs (Δ clearance) was calculated to determine the degree of decrement in the clearance of the trailing limb. A cognitive test battery was used to evaluate cognitive function among older adults to assess their association with Δ clearance. Older adults showed a significantly lower clearance of the trailing limb than young adults, resulting in greater Δ clearance. Significant correlations were observed between greater Δ clearance and scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and immediate recall of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Logical Memory test. Therefore, memory functions may contribute to the control of trailing limb movements, which can secure a safety margin to avoid stumbling over an obstacle during obstacle avoidance locomotion.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

Association of age-related cognitive and obstacle avoidance performances

Sakurai

Kodama

Ozawa

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…A possible explanation for this difference could be that impaired smooth pursuit with catch up saccades results in a higher number of saccades during a turn in place (Stuart et al ., ). The reasons for an increased saccade frequency strategy with turns are speculative but older adults and people with PD have been shown to rely more on visual rather than proprioceptive or vestibular input for appropriate motor control when walking (Azulay et al ., ; Hollands et al ., ). Therefore, greater visual information may have been required when performing a turn which leads to greater saccade frequency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Direct and indirect effects of attention and visual function on gait impairment in Parkinson's disease: influence of task and turning

Stuart

Galna

Delicato

et al. 2017

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Gait impairment is a core feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) which has been linked to cognitive and visual deficits, but interactions between these features are poorly understood. Monitoring saccades allows investigation of real-time cognitive and visual processes and their impact on gait when walking. This study explored: (i) saccade frequency when walking under different attentional manipulations of turning and dual-task; and (ii) direct and indirect relationships between saccades, gait impairment, vision and attention. Saccade frequency (number of fast eye movements per-second) was measured during gait in 60 PD and 40 agematched control participants using a mobile eye-tracker. Saccade frequency was significantly reduced in PD compared to controls during all conditions. However, saccade frequency increased with a turn and decreased under dual-task for both groups. Poorer attention directly related to saccade frequency, visual function and gait impairment in PD, but not controls. Saccade frequency did not directly relate to gait in PD, but did in controls. Instead, saccade frequency and visual function deficit indirectly impacted gait impairment in PD, which was underpinned by their relationship with attention. In conclusion, our results suggest a vital role for attention with direct and indirect influences on gait impairment in PD. Attention directly impacted saccade frequency, visual function and gait impairment in PD, with connotations for falls. It also underpinned indirect impact of visual and saccadic impairment on gait. Attention therefore represents a key therapeutic target that should be considered in future research.

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“…We propose that consciously prioritising on-line visual information needed to control discrete stepping movements disrupts the automatic visuomotor visual processes that typically underpin goal-directed locomotor movements (Hollands, Hollands, & Rietdyk, 2017). Seminal research presented by Wulf and Prinz (2001) describes how consciously attending to on-line movement control during a dynamic balance task can interfere with the 'automatic', lower-level processes through which balance is typically controlled.…”

Section: Visual Control Of Locomotion When Anxiousmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of anxiety and attentional focus on visual search during adaptive gait.

Ellmers

Young²

2019

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Research demonstrates the multifaceted influence of fall-related anxiety on postural control. However, very little work has sought to identify psychological mechanisms through which anxiety influences movement planning and jeopardises balance safety. Experiment 1 demonstrates evidence of a causal link between postural threat and altered visual search during adaptive gait, indicative of both increased on-line control of stepping movements (at the expense planning future stepping actions), and a gaze bias towards threats to balance. Participants also reported allocating greater attention towards both conscious movement processing and external threatening stimuli. Experiment 2 sought to further evaluate possible attentional factors underpinning changes observed in Experiment 1. Here, participants completed the same task under conditions of (i) internal focus of attention, and (ii) reduced resources available for movement planning. Similar to when anxious, participants displayed increased on-line control of stepping-at the expense of feedforward planning-when focusing attention 'internally'. However, no such changes were observed during conditions of reduced resources. We consequently interpret altered patterns of visual search observed during anxious gait to represent both a gaze bias towards threats to balance (i.e., increased reliance on the stimulus-driven attentional system) and the subsequent conscious processing of movement to prevent a fall.

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Visual Control of Adaptive Locomotion and Changes Due to Natural Ageing

Cited by 15 publications

References 91 publications

Association of age-related cognitive and obstacle avoidance performances

Association of age-related cognitive and obstacle avoidance performances

Direct and indirect effects of attention and visual function on gait impairment in Parkinson's disease: influence of task and turning

The influence of anxiety and attentional focus on visual search during adaptive gait.

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