Visual inspection of products: a comparison of the methods used to evaluate surface anomalies

Abstract

Abstract. This paper presents and compares different approaches currently used to assess surface anomalies identified on a product. The common point between these methods is that they are based on a document presented in the form of a table, which is to help the inspector to assess the anomaly detected in a repeatable and reproducible way. We will present three types of table: criteria/level table, tree-like presentation table and an indexed table. As each of these tables presents certain limits when applied to the inspection of a product surface, we will describe the table proposed in order to help the inspector determine the intensity to attribute to the identified anomaly.

Lipsticks History, Formulations, and Production: A Narrative Review

“…The visual inspection method was used to assess all anomalies which can occur on the surface of lipstick [14,29,51,86,123]. The lipstick was evaluated with the following standards: [124] "Mark": something that damages the surface, a break in the form (for example, scratches, dent, etc.) [124].…”

“…The lipstick was evaluated with the following standards: [124] "Mark": something that damages the surface, a break in the form (for example, scratches, dent, etc.) [124]. "Heterogeneity": anything that makes the product lose homogeneity (for example, stain, difference in colour and/or texture, etc.)…”

“…"Heterogeneity": anything that makes the product lose homogeneity (for example, stain, difference in colour and/or texture, etc.) [124]. "Pollution": anything that appears added to surface and is considered undesirable (for example, dust, particles, etc.)…”

Improved visual saliency estimation on manufactured surfaces using high-dynamic reflectance transformation imaging

“…Therefore, it depends on several factors related to the modalities of the observation: the observer, the object observed, the inspection purpose and the light environment. [1][2][3] To automate appearance quality inspection, multi-lighting imaging techniques, for example Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI), are gaining in interest. The RTI provides access to multidimensional information (dynamic image relighting, luminance, slopes, curvatures, 3D mappings, visual saliency cartographies, etc.).…”

Measurement of the perceived quality of a product

“…In reality, an anomaly-free surface does not exist since, at a given level of magnification, the controller will always detect some kind of deviation from the ideal surface [2]. This deviation is a difference in relief, in color, in shape and/or in contrast.…”