Visual place learning in Drosophila melanogaster

Ofstad, Tyler; Zuker, Charles S.; Reiser, Michael B.

doi:10.1038/nature10131

Cited by 404 publications

(433 citation statements)

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“…Prior work on cockroaches related MBs with visual place learning in a heat avoidance task (56). However, neurogenetic experiments using Drosophila in a similar task showed that the ellipsoid body, and not the MBs, is the neural structure mediating place learning (57). In the honey bee, MB extrinsic neurons with broad input arborizations at the level of the vertical lobe have the capacity to encode differently odor cues and the context defining their valence (58).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural substrate for higher-order learning in an insect: Mushroom bodies are necessary for configural discriminations

Devaud

Papouin

Carcaud

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

120

116

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Learning theories distinguish elemental from configural learning based on their different complexity. Although the former relies on simple and unambiguous links between the learned events, the latter deals with ambiguous discriminations in which conjunctive representations of events are learned as being different from their elements. In mammals, configural learning is mediated by brain areas that are either dispensable or partially involved in elemental learning. We studied whether the insect brain follows the same principles and addressed this question in the honey bee, the only insect in which configural learning has been demonstrated. We used a combination of conditioning protocols, disruption of neural activity, and optophysiological recording of olfactory circuits in the bee brain to determine whether mushroom bodies (MBs), brain structures that are essential for memory storage and retrieval, are equally necessary for configural and elemental olfactory learning. We show that bees with anesthetized MBs distinguish odors and learn elemental olfactory discriminations but not configural ones, such as positive and negative patterning. Inhibition of GABAergic signaling in the MB calyces, but not in the lobes, impairs patterning discrimination, thus suggesting a requirement of GABAergic feedback neurons from the lobes to the calyces for nonelemental learning. These results uncover a previously unidentified role for MBs besides memory storage and retrieval: namely, their implication in the acquisition of ambiguous discrimination problems. Thus, in insects as in mammals, specific brain regions are recruited when the ambiguity of learning tasks increases, a fact that reveals similarities in the neural processes underlying the elucidation of ambiguous tasks across species.learning | configural learning | mushroom bodies | honey bee | Apis mellifera

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural substrate for higher-order learning in an insect: Mushroom bodies are necessary for configural discriminations

Devaud

Papouin

Carcaud

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

120

116

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“…In Drosophila, neural activity within the CX encodes the fly's heading relative to visual landmarks in the environment and presumably enables the fly to maintain a course relative to those landmarks (83). The CX is also vital for flies to learn spatial tasks (84,85).…”

Section: Consciousness In Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What insects can tell us about the origins of consciousness

Barron

Klein

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

263

183

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How, why, and when consciousness evolved remain hotly debated topics. Addressing these issues requires considering the distribution of consciousness across the animal phylogenetic tree. Here we propose that at least one invertebrate clade, the insects, has a capacity for the most basic aspect of consciousness: subjective experience. In vertebrates the capacity for subjective experience is supported by integrated structures in the midbrain that create a neural simulation of the state of the mobile animal in space. This integrated and egocentric representation of the world from the animal's perspective is sufficient for subjective experience. Structures in the insect brain perform analogous functions. Therefore, we argue the insect brain also supports a capacity for subjective experience. In both vertebrates and insects this form of behavioral control system evolved as an efficient solution to basic problems of sensory reafference and true navigation. The brain structures that support subjective experience in vertebrates and insects are very different from each other, but in both cases they are basal to each clade. Hence we propose the origins of subjective experience can be traced to the Cambrian. subjective experience | primary consciousness | vertebrate midbrain | central complex

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“…Real-time tracking is performed as images are acquired, removing the need for storing large amounts of digital information [17][18][19] and allowing researchers to influence the animal's environment in real time through virtual reality, robotics, or other dynamical stimulus regimes [22][23][24]. Even under controlled laboratory conditions with small numbers of individuals, automated image-based tracking is a difficult computer vision problem.…”

Section: Automated Image-based Trackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated image-based tracking and its application in ecology

Dell

Bender²,

Branson

et al. 2014

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

454

484

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The behavior of individuals determines the strength and outcome of ecological interactions, which drive population, community, and ecosystem organization. Bio-logging, such as telemetry and animal-borne imaging, provides essential individual viewpoints, tracks, and life histories, but requires capture of individuals and is often impractical to scale. Recent developments in automated image-based tracking offers opportunities to remotely quantify and understand individual behavior at scales and resolutions not previously possible, providing an essential supplement to other tracking methodologies in ecology. Automated image-based tracking should continue to advance the field of ecology by enabling better understanding of the linkages between individual and higher-level ecological processes, via high-throughput quantitative analysis of complex ecological patterns and processes across scales, including analysis of environmental drivers. Measuring behaviorIndividual behavior (see Glossary) underlies almost all aspects of ecology [1][2][3][4][5]. Accurate and highly resolved behavioral data are therefore critical for obtaining a mechanistic and predictive understanding of ecological systems [5]. Historically, direct observation by trained biologists was used to quantify behavior [6,7]. However, the extent and resolution to which direct observations can be made is highly constrained [8] and the number of individuals that can be observed simultaneously is small. In addition, an exact record of events is not preserved, only the biologist's subjective account of them.Recent technological advances in tracking now make it possible to collect large amounts of highly precise and accurate behavioral data. For many organisms equipment can be attached that provide information about the Glossary Background subtraction: a method used by software to compare the current video frame with a stored picture of the background; any pixel of the current frame that is significantly different from the corresponding pixel in the background is likely to be associated with the body of an animal. Useful in situations where the background is unchanging, for example, when the surface of the background is rigid and lighting does not change. Behavior: the actions of individuals, often in response to stimuli. Behavior can involve movement of the individual's body through space, such as walking or chasing, or can occur while the animal is stationary, such as grooming or eating. Bio-logging: attachment or implantation of equipment to organisms to provide information about their identity, location, behavior, or physiology (e.g., global positioning systems, accelerometers, video cameras, telemetry tags). Ecological interaction: any interaction between an organism and its environment, or between two organisms (i.e., including interactions between conspecifics). Fingerprinting: a method used to identify unmarked individuals using natural variation in their physical and/or behavioral appearance. The method works by transforming the images of each individual ...

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Visual place learning in Drosophila melanogaster

Cited by 404 publications

References 40 publications

Neural substrate for higher-order learning in an insect: Mushroom bodies are necessary for configural discriminations

Neural substrate for higher-order learning in an insect: Mushroom bodies are necessary for configural discriminations

What insects can tell us about the origins of consciousness

Automated image-based tracking and its application in ecology

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