Visual Signaling in Phrynobatrachus Krefftii Boulenger, 1909 (Anura: Ranidae)

Visual sensitivity to a conspicuous male cue varies by reproductive state inPhysalaemus pustulosusfemales

“…Although this was known in diurnal frogs (Lüddecke, 1999;Summers et al, 1999;Hödl and Amézquita, 2001;Narins et al, 2003;Hirschmann and Hödl, 2006), we have now shown it is true in at least one nocturnal species. There are other instances in which dynamic structures associated with acoustic signaling serve as additional cues for communication.…”

“…Calling in many species of frogs is facilitated by large vocal sacs that recycle air during calling, and which also make the calling male more conspicuous (de Jongh and Gans, 1969;Martin, 1972;Gans, 1973;Dudley and Rand, 1991;Pauly et al, 2006). Although diurnal species typically call, mounting evidence shows that many use both body coloration and vocal sac pulsation to attract mates or repel rivals (Lüddecke, 1999;Summers et al, 1999;Hödl and Amézquita, 2001;Narins et al, 2003;Hirschmann and Hödl, 2006). Less expected is that in at least one species of nocturnal frog, the túngara frog (Physalaemus pustulosus), vocal sac inflation serves as a dynamic visual cue used by females when choosing mates (Rosenthal et al, 2004;Taylor et al, 2008).…”

Communication in Noisy Environments Ii: Visual Signaling Behavior of Male Foot-flagging Frogs staurois Latopalmatus

“…Although anuran signals are primarily associated with acoustic cues for intraspecific communication (Gerhardt and Huber 2002), several species also use visual or multimodal displays for communication (Hö dl and Amé zquita 2001;Narins et al 2003;Rosenthal et al 2004;Hirschmann and Hö dl 2006;Grafe and Wanger 2007;Preininger et al 2009;Starnberger et al 2014a). Detection and discrimination of a sender is enhanced by conspicuous visual display such as an inflated vocal sac in anurans (Narins et al 2003;Rosenthal et al 2004;Hirschmann and Hö dl 2006;Taylor et al 2011;Starnberger et al, 2014b).…”

“…Detection and discrimination of a sender is enhanced by conspicuous visual display such as an inflated vocal sac in anurans (Narins et al 2003;Rosenthal et al 2004;Hirschmann and Hö dl 2006;Taylor et al 2011;Starnberger et al, 2014b).…”

Further observations of visual signalling in Australo-Papuan hylid frogs of the genusLitoria(Tschudi)

“…Such displays include movement of the fore and/ or hindlimbs (e.g. hand-waving, foot-flagging and/or legflicking), movement of the body or posturing, and exhibition of a brightly coloured vocal sac (Hödl and Amezquita 2001;Hirschmann and Hödl 2006). Visual signalling is hypothesised to be an alternative or complementary mode of communication in anurans used under certain environmental and/or social conditions (e.g.…”