VISUAL STIMULI ELICITING ATTRACTION OF <i>RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA</i> (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) FLIES TO TREES

Moericke, V.; Prokopy, Ronald J.; Berlocher, Stewart H.; Bush, Guy L.

doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1975.tb00428.x

Cited by 61 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…As a result, the 2 sites with major herbivory pressure (fish and sea urchin together) have a completely different function, as one is a fishing-protected meadow dominated by Sarpa salpa (Banyuls MPA) and the other, an unprotected meadow dominated by Paracentrotus lividus (Giverola). In any case, the effect of protection did not disrupt the trends of increased herbivory observed with decreasing meadow size, since S. salpa was the only species affected (see Moericke et al 1975, Fahrig & Paloheimo 1987, for similar concentration effects in other species).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Marine protection and meadow size alter fish herbivory in seagrass ecosystems

Prado¹,

Farina²,

Tomàs³

et al. 2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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In this study, we examine the hypotheses that the size of the seagrass meadow and marine protection influence the abundance of seagrass herbivores and their associated grazing pressure. The effect of meadow size was tested in 9 shallow unprotected meadows of Posidonia oceanica encompassing a wide range of areas. The effect of fishing protection was examined by comparing 9 unprotected meadows (controls) with 3 marine protected areas (MPAs) with at least 20 yr of protection that also varied in meadow size (large > 3 ha, medium 1 ha < x < 2 ha and small <1 ha). At each site, we quantified the abundance, size distribution and grazing pressure of the 2 most important herbivores, the fish Sarpa salpa and the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. A strong negative relationship between meadow size and both the abundance and grazing rates of S. salpa was evident in the unprotected meadows, but no effects were detected on either the abundance or grazing rates of P. lividus. Results also showed that populations of S. salpa (mainly large individuals) benefit from fishing protection and tended to concentrate in MPAs (with the exception of Port-Cros), resulting in enhanced grazing pressure. In P. lividus abundances or size distributions did not present any significant difference between protected and unprotected areas, although most MPAs presented low sea urchin densities. While MPAs are important to preserve seagrass ecosystems, results from this study indicate that it is crucial to account for the size of these habitats, particularly when functional aspects of seagrass habitats are so strongly altered by size.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Marine protection and meadow size alter fish herbivory in seagrass ecosystems

Prado¹,

Farina²,

Tomàs³

et al. 2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Distance fr om which perception of an obj ect is fi rst possible depends upon the size of the object and its luminosity contrast against the background. Like humans, insects appear to perceive a distant plant on the horizon primarily, if not exclu sively, on the basis of silhouette, as exemplified by cockchafers (23a, 141) and certain tephritid flies (108,136). Insect response to color properties of such a distant plant is possible, although unlikely, if the insect is traveling away fr om the sun or under diffuse light conditions.…”

Section: Visual Detection Of Plants From a Distancementioning

confidence: 97%

Visual Detection of Plants by Herbivorous Insects

Prokopy¹,

Owens²

1983

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

748

500

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INTRODUCTIONThere are hundreds of thousands of insect species for which plants provide a variety of resources such as adult food, mating encounter sites, oviposi tional sites, food for immatures, shelter from harmful biotic or abiotic agents, or transport (90,149,181). Yet our understanding of the process by which an insect detects a resource-furnishing plant is not well developed. This is particularly true for the visual aspects of plant detection by insects.To date, studies of this aspect have focused on the visual location of fl owers by pollinators (80). Visual location of plants by herbivores, parasitoids, or predators has received no more than marginal or scattered attention (6,64,79,82,88,98,100,104,151,152,156,162,169).Before focusing attention exclusively on insect vision, it is useful to briefl y review some general aspects of animal vision. Here, vision is defi ned as the ability to perceive spatial patterns. The physical stimulus that defines a pattern can be regarded as a spatiotemporal distribution of photo fl ux that differs in total energy and frequency composition, and thus provides the visual color cues of brightness (intensity of perceived reflected light), hue (dominant wavelength of reflected light), and saturation (spectral purity of reflected light). The spatial distribution of photon flux provides information on shape, size, distance, and motion. Visual patterns depend upon the nature of the viewed surface, the optical background, the illuminant, and 337 0066-4170/83/0101·0337$02.00 Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1983.28:337-364. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Stanford University -Main Campus -Lane Medical Library on 09/28/12. For personal use only. Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS 338 PROKOPY & OWENSthe viewer's angle and sensitivity. As an active, complex process, vision depends not only upon events in the entire visual fi eld but also upon patterns of expectation in the visual processing system itself, some of which are established through prior visual experience.Description and analysis of the natural optical environment in terms of the visual system of an animal is known as visual ecology, which presumes that specialized visual systems are of adaptive advantage to the animal possessing them. Visual ecologists quantify physical attributes of optical patterns in the environment, particularly those of resource items. How animals solve common visual problems is best understood when data on the physical environment is combined with data on animal behavior and on the morphology and physiology of visual systems.The visual ecology approach was formulated during studies of sea fishes (94,96,113) and has subsequently been adapted to studies of land-dwelling animals (56,96,147), including insects (80).Our review is concerned primarily with the visual ecology of herbivorous insects. Accordingly, we deal with the following elements that, in combina tion, comprise a visual ecology approach: the evolutionary history of plants and insects; the visual properties of natural illuminan...

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“…Those for which vision dominates, such as the apple maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella, which is attracted to silhouettes of host trees (Moericke et al 1975), would find patches in proportion to their linear dimensions, resulting in lower densities in larger patches. Insects that locate their resources primarily by olfaction, such as the cabbage fly (Erioischia brassicae; Hawkes 1974), might be expected to find patches in direct proportion to their area.…”

Section: A Categorization Of Immigration Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patch Size and Population Density: the Effect of Immigration Behavior

Bowman¹,

Cappuccino²,

Fahrig³

2002

138

123

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ABSTRACT. Many habitat fragmentation experiments make the prediction that animal population density will be positively related to fragment, or patch, size. The mechanism that is supposed to result in this prediction is unclear, but several recent reviews have demonstrated that population density often is negatively related to patch size. Immigration behavior is likely to have an important effect on population density for species that do not show strong edge effects, for species that have low emigration rates, and during short-term habitat fragmentation experiments. We consider the effect that different kinds of immigration behaviors will have on population density and we demonstrate that only a minority of possible scenarios produce positive density vs. patch size relationships. More commonly, these relationships are expected to be negative. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering autecological mechanisms, such as immigration behavior, when developing the predictions that we test in habitat fragmentation or other experiments.

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VISUAL STIMULI ELICITING ATTRACTION OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) FLIES TO TREES

Cited by 61 publications

References 9 publications

Marine protection and meadow size alter fish herbivory in seagrass ecosystems

Marine protection and meadow size alter fish herbivory in seagrass ecosystems

Visual Detection of Plants by Herbivorous Insects

Patch Size and Population Density: the Effect of Immigration Behavior

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