Visualization of battery materials and their interfaces/interphases using cryogenic electron microscopy

Insights into the solvation chemistry in liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries

“…The working mechanism and applications of in situ/ operando characterization techniques have been summarized in some excellent reviews. 429,430,[432][433][434][435][436][437][438][439][440][441][442][443][444][445][446][447] In this review, we provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of typical in situ/operando characterization techniques applied in batteries (Table 8). It is worth noting that some in situ characterization techniques (in situ TEM or SEM) are adopted using simplified cells to simulate the practical batteries under operating conditions, which also cannot reflect the true reactions occurring during the cycling process.…”

Imaging the Surface/Interface Morphologies Evolution of Silicon Anodes Using in Situ/Operando Electron Microscopy

“…The development of sample preparation procedures, imaging settings, and data processing techniques has benefited Cryo-EM for energy research. − Nonetheless, the potential to capture intermediate states or species in intricate chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical processes is an important but unexplored element of cryogenic temperatures.…”

Review of regulating Zn2+ solvation structures in aqueous zinc-ion batteries

“…Thus, adopting advanced in-situ or operando characterizations is pivotal to illustrate the fundamental mechanism [111,112]. Advance techniques such as in-situ transmission electron miscopy, atomic force microscope, cryo-electron microscopy, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, scanning electrochemical microscopy, differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy, and operando Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, NMR, x-ray computed tomography are necessary, which should be used individually or with each other [113][114][115][116][117][118]. (4) Data-driven discovery of novel electrolytes.…”