Vitamin C Status of Submariners

Rosmarinic acid as a downstream inhibitor of IKK‐β in TNF‐α‐induced upregulation of CCL11 and CCR3

“…Recently, the inhibition of T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated signaling has become viewed as one of the many effects of antiinflammatory drugs. Despite their different points of action, anti-inflammatory drugs such as tacrolimus, pimecrolimus (Paccani et al, 2002), and hydroxychloroquine (Goldman et al, 2000) have been found to inhibit TCR-induced signaling events, including Ca 2 þ mobilization, the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and the expression of the CD40 ligand. It was recently determined that rosmarinic acid inhibits the Ca 2 þ -dependent pathways of TCR-mediated signaling by inhibiting PLC-g1 and Itk activities (Kang et al, 2003).…”

A Review of the Effects of Dietary Restriction, Dehydration, and Caffeine Withdrawal on Cognition: Implications for a Disabled Submarine Scenario

“…All of these nutritional components alter the metabolic processes within the brain that generate the energy required to support cognitive functioning (Falkowska et al, 2015;Gómez-Pinilla, 2008;Kempton et al, 2010;Leonard & Robertson, 1992). Given the unique constraints of a submarine environment (e.g., lack of natural sunlight, limited mobility, long mission length, and limited food storage space), developing and providing optimal nutrition for submariners has long posed a challenge (Brown, 1942;Gilman et al, 1980;Korschevar, 1952;Sack et al, 1986;Shake & Schlichting, 1996). While current submarine nutrition practices are generally considered sufficient to support submariner health and functioning (e.g., Singh et al, 2011), the operational and logistical constraints of a DISSUB scenario will require submariners to drastically alter their nutritional intake (e.g., loss of refrigeration and cooking capabilities).…”

Motor and Cognitive Performance Do Not Change during a Ten-Week Submarine Patrol

“…There may be changes in protein intake and in the intake of caffeine in coffee, tea, and soft drinks. These changes undoubtedly contribute to the finding that many submariners suffer from marginal vitamin deficiencies during a patrol (1,2). The opportunity to participate in physical exercise is limited.…”