Vitamin D and calcium intake and risk of early menopause ,

Abstract

Background: Early menopause, defined as the cessation of ovarian function before the age of 45 y, affects w10% of women and is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and other conditions. Few modifiable risk factors for early menopause have been identified, but emerging data suggest that high vitamin D intake may reduce risk. Objective: We evaluated how intakes of vitamin D and calcium are associated with the incidence of early menopause in the prospective Nurses' Health Study II (NHS2). Design: Intakes of vitamin D and calcium from foods and supplements were measured every 4 y with the use of a food-frequency questionnaire. Cases of incident early menopause were identified from all participants who were premenopausal at baseline in 1991; over 1.13 million person-years, 2041 women reported having natural menopause before the age of 45 y. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to evaluate relations between intakes of vitamin D and calcium and incident early menopause while accounting for potential confounding factors. Results: After adjustment for age, smoking, and other factors, women with the highest intake of dietary vitamin D (quintile median: 528 IU/d) had a significant 17% lower risk of early menopause than women with the lowest intake [quintile median: 148 IU/d; HR: 0.83 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.95); P-trend = 0.03]. Dietary calcium intake in the highest quintile (median: 1246 mg/d) compared with the lowest (median: 556 mg/d) was associated with a borderline significantly lower risk of early menopause (HR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.00; P-trend = 0.03). Associations were stronger for vitamin D and calcium from dairy sources than from nondairy dietary sources, whereas high supplement use was not associated with lower risk. Conclusions: Findings suggest that high intakes of dietary vitamin D and calcium may be modestly associated with a lower risk of early menopause. Further studies evaluating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, other dairy constituents, and early menopause are warranted.

Age of Natural Menopause and Related Factors among the Tabari Cohort

“…Influence of menopause on functions of endocrine, cardiovascular, skeletal, immune, and genitourinary systems has been reported previously [2]. The age of menopause is affected by many factors including genetic factors, obesity, alcohol consumption, social levels, ethnicity, education, diet, vitamin D and calcium intake, menarche age, long-term menstrual cy-cles, oral contraceptive use, and exposure to pesticides [1][2][3][4]. The World Health Organization has stated that by the year 2030, globally, there will be more than 1.2 billion women suffering from menopause along with obesity and high body mass index (BMI) and moreover it has been reported that every year 47 million women enter this stage of their lives [1].…”

Diet, menopause and the risk of ovarian, endometrial and breast cancer

“…Purdue-Smithe et al, 2017 (23) Prospective, 116,430 Vitamin D, calcium intake from dairy and non-dairy sources Vitamin D from dairy sources Calcium from dairy sources…”

Vitamin D deficiency accelerates ageing and age‐related diseases: a novel hypothesis

“…), is enhanced by vitamin D deficiency (Purdue‐Smithe et al . ), i.e., menopause occurs earlier in those women that are deficient in vitamin D. There is also considerable evidence to indicate that vitamin D deficiency is related to mortality (Schöttker et al . ; Gaksch et al .…”